Question 1

Cliff has a problem where he tends to speak without thinking,and this has caused him to lose friends and to damage relationships at work.To reduce the frequency of this behavior,Cliff wears a rubber band that fit loosely around his wrist.Whenever he begins to speak without thinking,he "snaps" himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit.This is an example of ______ therapy.
A)systematic desensitizing
B)insight
C)aversion
D)flooding

Accepted Answer

This is an example of aversion therapy, where an unpleasant stimulus (the snap of the rubber band) is paired with an undesired behavior (speaking without thinking) in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.

Question 2

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
A)Operant conditioning makes associations between two stimuli;classical conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.
B)Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli;operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.
C)In contrast to classical conditioning,operant conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change.
D)In contrast to operant conditioning,classical conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves forming associations between two stimuli, such as Pavlov's dogs associating the sound of a bell with the arrival of food. Operant conditioning involves forming associations between a behavior and its consequence, such as a rat learning to press a lever to receive a food reward.

Question 3

What is true of latent inhibition?
A)Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response,resulting in relatively poor learning.
B)Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response,resulting in very effective learning.
C)Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow,resulting in relatively poor learning.
D)Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow,resulting in very effective learning.

Accepted Answer

Latent inhibition refers to the phenomenon where a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning (as a signal or conditioned stimulus) than a new stimulus. This results in slower learning and relatively poor learning performance.

Question 4

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
A)Classical conditioning generally works best with involuntary,reflexive behaviors;operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.
B)Operant conditioning generally works best with involuntary,reflexive behaviors;classical conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.
C)In contrast to classical conditioning,operant conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change.
D)In contrast to operant conditioning,classical conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change.

Accepted Answer

The key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that classical conditioning generally works best with involuntary, reflexive behaviors such as salivation or blinking, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors such as pushing a button or pressing a lever. In classical conditioning, the organism learns to associate two stimuli, while in operant conditioning, the organism learns to associate a behavior with a consequence. Additionally, operant conditioning leads to relatively permanent changes in behavior, while classical conditioning tends to result in more temporary changes.

Question 5

Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicits conditioned responding is called ____.
A)sensitization
B)higher order conditioning
C)habituation
D)generalization

Accepted Answer

Higher order conditioning refers to the learning process in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicits conditioned responding. Sensitization is a type of learning in which an organism becomes more responsive to a repeated stimulus, while habituation is the reduction of a response to a repeated stimulus. Generalization is the tendency to respond in a similar way to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 6

Thorndike's law of effect states that behavior is ____.
A)based on a strong relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
B)an adaptation based on imitation
C)"stamped into" an animal relative to the consequences of the behavior
D)predetermined by the type of organism

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's law of effect suggests that behavior is "stamped into" an animal based on the consequences of the behavior. In other words, behaviors that are followed by favorable or desirable outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors that lead to negative consequences are less likely to be repeated. This law applies to all organisms, not just specific types of animals, as suggested in option D. Options A and B are incorrect as they do not accurately describe Thorndike's law of effect.

Question 7

A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is referred to as a ____.
A)puzzle box
B)sequential conditioning chamber
C)Skinner box
D)pigeon chamber

Accepted Answer

The modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is referred to as a Skinner box, named after the famous psychologist B.F. Skinner who developed this tool for studying behavior. A puzzle box is a different type of apparatus used to study animal problem-solving behavior. Sequential conditioning chamber and pigeon chamber are not commonly used terms in the field of psychology.

Question 8

According to Rescorla and Wagner,the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____.
A)consistent
B)surprising
C)familiar
D)variable

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Rescorla and Wagner,the association between...

Question 9

Acquiring a prejudice,being creative,and schizophrenia-based loosened associations may reflect which of the following?
A)Desensitization
B)Latent inhibition
C)Counterconditioning
D)Preparedness

Accepted Answer

Latent inhibition refers to the brain's ability to screen out irrelevant stimuli. When this mechanism is weakened or disrupted, it can lead to cognitive processes that are associated with acquiring a prejudice, being creative, or schizophrenia-based loosened associations.

Question 10

Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists?
A)Behavior follows the same general rules across species.
B)Psychological research should focus on introspection.
C)Human subjects are preferable to animals because they replicate the complexity of real life.
D)Not all stimuli can be equally paired to form conditioned associations.

Accepted Answer

The early behaviorists believed in the concept of generalization, which suggests that behavior follows the same general rules across species. This idea was central to the development of behaviorism as a psychological perspective.

Question 11

In order to demonstrate the extent to which classical conditioning can be a factor in the development of a serious phobia,John Watson and Rosalie Raynor conducted a study where ______.
A)a young boy was taught to fear a white rat
B)a young adult male was taught to fear cashiers in the supermarket
C)an adolescent girl was conditioned to fear her school teachers
D)a middle-aged woman was conditioned to fear Santa Claus

Accepted Answer

The study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner involved a young boy named "Little Albert" who was conditioned to fear a white rat. This study demonstrated how classical conditioning could lead to the development of a serious phobia.

Question 12

Counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear is referred to as ____.
A)higher order conditioning
B)habituation
C)latent inhibition
D)systematic desensitization

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear is referred to as systematic desensitization.

Question 13

When he was 9 years old,Mike tried shrimp for the first time but fell very ill shortly thereafter.Within a few hours he was vomiting and was sick for the rest of the night.Now,years later,Mike cannot bring himself to eat shrimp.This is an example of ____.
A)nonassociative learning
B)classical conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)observational learning

Accepted Answer

Mike's aversion to shrimp is an example of classical conditioning, where an originally neutral stimulus (shrimp) becomes associated with a negative response (being ill) and causes a conditioned response (aversion). Nonassociative learning refers to changes in behavior due to repeated exposure to a stimulus but without association with any particular outcome. Operant conditioning involves learning through reward or punishment, which is not applicable in Mike's case. Observational learning involves acquiring new behaviors or skills by watching others, which is also not applicable here.

Question 14

As a gate creaks open,Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard.The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose,causing Oscar to yelp in pain.Which outcome to this scenario portrays higher order conditioning?
A)Now when Oscar sees the cat who scratched his nose he runs away,but he feels comfortable with the cat with whom he shares a home.
B)Now when Oscar sees a cat or small dog coming toward him,he immediately begins to yelp in pain.
C)Now whenever Oscar sees a cat,including the cat in his own home,he runs away.
D)Now when Oscar hears a gate creak,regardless of who is coming through it,he runs away.

Accepted Answer

Higher order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a conditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the gate creaking (neutral stimulus) becomes associated with the cat's attack (conditioned stimulus), causing Oscar to run away (conditioned response) whenever he hears the gate creak.

Question 15

Based on the findings of Garcia and Koelling,which type of stimuli would be most effective for training birds?
A)Visual stimuli
B)Aromatic stimuli
C)Tactile stimuli
D)Audible stimuli

Accepted Answer

Birds are highly visual creatures, and Garcia and Koelling's research suggests that visual stimuli are particularly effective for training them.

Question 16

What was a key implication of Garcia and Koelling's classic taste aversion studies?
A)The studies demonstrated the common traits of several species.
B)The studies confirmed the applicability of classical conditioning in species other than canines.
C)The studies demonstrated the relative interchangeability of stimuli.
D)The studies highlighted the unique biological predispositions of specific species.

Accepted Answer

Garcia and Koelling's classic taste aversion studies demonstrated the unique biological predispositions of specific species to develop aversions to certain tastes or stimuli. The studies showed that rats were more likely to associate nausea with taste than with auditory or visual stimuli, highlighting the importance of genetic factors and innate preferences in learning.

Question 17

Tim,who suffers from alcoholism,is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption.Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed.This type of treatment is best described as ____.
A)counterconditioning
B)flooding
C)systematic desensitization
D)inhibition

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning is a type of behavioral therapy that aims to change a person's response to a particular stimulus (in this case, alcohol) by pairing it with an unpleasant response (the physiological effects of disulfiram). Disulfiram is a form of aversion therapy, which is a type of counterconditioning. Flooding, systematic desensitization, and inhibition are not applicable to this scenario.

Question 18

As a gate creaks open,Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard.The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose,causing Oscar to yelp in pain.Which outcome to this scenario portrays discrimination?
A)Now when Oscar sees the cat who scratched his nose he runs away,but he feels comfortable with the cat with whom he shares a home.
B)Now when Oscar sees a cat or small dog coming toward him,he immediately begins to yelp in pain.
C)Now whenever Oscar sees a cat,including the cat in his own home,he runs away.
D)Now when Oscar hears a gate creak,regardless of who is coming through it,he runs away.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As a gate creaks open,Oscar the puppy...

Question 19

In Garcia and Koelling's taste aversion study,why were the rats unable to associate a bright-noisy stimulus with feeling ill?
A)The rats lacked the cognitive ability to do so.
B)The rats enjoyed the bright-noisy stimulus enough to tolerate their illness.
C)The rats relied more on taste and smell rather than vision and hearing for identifying food.
D)The rats were so distracted or frightened by the bright-noisy stimulus they did not notice they were ill.

Accepted Answer

Garcia and Koelling's study suggested that rats rely more on taste and smell than vision and hearing when identifying food. This explains why the rats were unable to associate a bright-noisy stimulus with feeling ill, as this stimulus did not have a direct association with the taste and smell of the food they had consumed.

Question 20

At dinner Ming Yan eats several familiar foods (pasta,salad,bread)and an unfamiliar food (deep fried cheese curds).Later that evening she suffers abdominal discomfort.She attributes this to the deep fried cheese curds,but later learns that she had developed a sensitivity to gluten.Her misattribution of the problem to the deep fried cheese curds is likely due to ____.
A)latent inhibition
B)discrimination
C)habituation
D)sensitization

Accepted Answer

Ming Yan's misattribution is likely due to latent inhibition, which is the phenomenon where a familiar stimulus (such as the pasta, salad, and bread) can inhibit the learning of a new association (such as her gluten sensitivity). This can lead to misattribution of symptoms to a new, unfamiliar stimulus (such as the deep fried cheese curds).

Quiz 8: The Adaptive Mind Learning

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

What is true of latent inhibition?

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicits conditioned responding is called ____.

Thorndike's law of effect states that behavior is ____.

A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is referred to as a ____.

According to Rescorla and Wagner,the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____.

Acquiring a prejudice,being creative,and schizophrenia-based loosened associations may reflect which of the following?

Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists?

In order to demonstrate the extent to which classical conditioning can be a factor in the development of a serious phobia,John Watson and Rosalie Raynor conducted a study where ______.

Counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear is referred to as ____.

When he was 9 years old,Mike tried shrimp for the first time but fell very ill shortly thereafter.Within a few hours he was vomiting and was sick for the rest of the night.Now,years later,Mike cannot bring himself to eat shrimp.This is an example of ____.

As a gate creaks open,Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard.The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose,causing Oscar to yelp in pain.Which outcome to this scenario portrays higher order conditioning?

Based on the findings of Garcia and Koelling,which type of stimuli would be most effective for training birds?

What was a key implication of Garcia and Koelling's classic taste aversion studies?

Tim,who suffers from alcoholism,is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption.Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed.This type of treatment is best described as ____.

As a gate creaks open,Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard.The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose,causing Oscar to yelp in pain.Which outcome to this scenario portrays discrimination?

In Garcia and Koelling's taste aversion study,why were the rats unable to associate a bright-noisy stimulus with feeling ill?