Question 1

When Adam walks into the dark basement, he feels afraid but is able to calm himself down by saying to himself, "Don't be afraid, there's nothing down here that can hurt you." What is Adam successfully doing?

Accepted Answer

Adam is regulating his emotions by using self-talk to calm himself down and alleviate his fear.

Question 2

At what age does the practice of regulating one's emotions usually begin?

Accepted Answer

The practice of regulating one's emotions typically begins by 4-6 months as infants start to develop the ability to self-soothe and manage their emotional responses.

Question 3

Who has most likely just developed stranger wariness?

Accepted Answer

Stranger wariness typically develops as infants gain mobility and become more aware of their surroundings, which often coincides with the ability to crawl.

Question 4

Which aspect of Sunshine Daycare Centre's advertisement is inconsistent with your textbook's description of quality daycare?

Accepted Answer

The aspect of having new, energetic staff each day is inconsistent with the textbook's description of quality daycare, as consistency of caregivers is important for building trust and attachment between children and their caregivers.

Question 5

Julio and Kari are babies who are the same age, but are very different from each other in that Julio enjoys playing quietly, while Kari enjoys a lot of physical movement. Which dimension of temperament do Julio and Kari differ in?

Accepted Answer

Julio and Kari differ in the dimension of surgency/extroversion, as Julio prefers quiet play and Kari enjoys physical movement.

Question 6

What is the most likely reason that 1-month-old Kiko has a smile on his face?

Accepted Answer

At one month old, babies are not yet capable of intentionally smiling in response to external stimulation. Instead, their smiles are reflexive and often occur while they are asleep or when they are in a state of contentment. Seeing his mother is a familiar and comforting experience for Kiko, which could elicit a smile.

Question 7

In which situation would we know that 2-month-old Brenda is exhibiting a social smile?

Accepted Answer

A social smile is a smile in response to social stimuli, such as a human face. Option A (in response to waking up from a nap) does not involve any social interaction, while option C (in response to finishing a meal) is a physiological response rather than a social one. Option D (in response to a cat's tail) also does not involve any social interaction. Therefore, option B (in response to seeing her mother's face) is the best choice for exhibiting a social smile.

Question 8

Baby Joseph has learned to distinguish when his mother is upset with him from when she is pleased with him. Approximately how old is Joseph?

Accepted Answer

By around 6 months, babies start to understand social cues more clearly, including distinguishing emotions like happiness or upset from their caregivers.

Question 9

One-year-old Kendra looks at her mother before entering a new room in a strange house. When her mother smiles, Kendra proceeds to enter the room. What does this example illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Kendra is using her mother's facial expression as a guide for how she should feel about the new environment. This is an example of social referencing, which refers to the tendency to use other people's emotional expressions as a guide for one's own behavior in a novel or ambiguous situation.

Question 10

How do complex emotions differ from basic emotions?

Accepted Answer

Complex emotions involve a self-evaluative component, which means that the individual reflects on their own emotions, values, and beliefs. This component is not present in basic emotions such as fear, anger, or happiness, which are more straightforward and immediate responses to specific stimuli or situations. This self-reflection aspect of complex emotions allows individuals to make more nuanced and informed decisions about their behavior and relationships.

Question 11

There are many negative emotions. Which one do researchers have little knowledge about?

Accepted Answer

Disgust is a negative emotion that researchers have relatively little knowledge about compared to other negative emotions such as distress, sadness, and surprise. This is because disgust, while a fundamental emotion, has been less studied in terms of its triggers, variations, and impacts on behavior and decision-making.

Question 12

Erin's 5-month-old daughter Kyla moves closer to her mother when she sees a clown outside the mall. What does this movement signify about Kyla?

Accepted Answer

Kyla's movement closer to her mother when seeing the clown outside the mall suggests that she is regulating her emotions. This means that Kyla is seeking comfort and safety from her mother as a response to a new and potentially scary situation. It is a normal and healthy behavior for infants to seek comfort and feel secure in the presence of their caregivers.

Question 13

According to Lewis (2000), what are the only two emotions experienced by newborns?

Accepted Answer

According to Lewis (2000), newborns experience only two primary emotions - pleasure and distress. Other emotions, such as fear, anger, and surprise, develop over time as the infant grows and interacts with the environment.

Question 14

Which of the following would be considered a basic emotion?

Accepted Answer

Joy is considered a basic emotion, along with anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and sadness. Pride, guilt, and embarrassment are considered secondary emotions, which emerge from a combination of basic emotions and cognitive appraisal.

Question 15

Dr. Ramone is interested in studying how babies are different in terms of their behaviour toward other people, how energetic they are, and how easily they are upset. What is Dr. Ramone most likely studying?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Ramone is studying temperament, which refers to individual differences in behavior patterns, emotions, and reactions to environmental stimuli. Temperament is often studied in infants and young children to understand how they differ in terms of characteristics such as activity level, sociability, and adaptability.

Question 16

According to recent research, what kind of effect does sending a 15-month-old child to daycare have on that child's attachment to his or her mother?

Accepted Answer

Recent research indicates that sending a 15-month-old child to daycare does not have an adverse effect on the child's attachment to his or her mother, suggesting that the quality of the attachment is more influenced by the quality of care and interaction the child receives rather than the mere fact of attending daycare.

Question 17

Janie was eating her dinner and her parents offered her a taste of liver for the first time. Upon eating it, Janie spat out the meat, wrinkled up her face, and said, "That's icky!" What negative emotion was Janie expressing?

Accepted Answer

Janie's reaction of spitting out the meat and wrinkling up her face indicates that she found the taste of liver unpleasant, which is a common response to a food that elicits disgust.

Question 18

Carla is researching temperament by determining how easily different children can focus attention. Which dimension of temperament is Carla assessing?

Accepted Answer

Carla is assessing effortful control, which refers to a child's ability to regulate attention and inhibit impulses.

Question 19

Even though he is only 20 days old, David appears to like being around other people. How would a theorist use the concept of temperament to explain his behaviour?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Even though he is only 20 days...

Question 20

Which of the following is the most critical component to high-quality child care?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the most...

Quiz 4: Entering the Social World