Question 1

In unpackaging studies,"culture" as an unspecified variable is replaced by more specific variables in order to explain observed differences.

Accepted Answer

In unpackaging studies, culture is broken down into more specific variables such as language, religion, values, beliefs, etc. in order to better understand and explain observed differences between groups. This approach helps to avoid overgeneralizations and promotes a more nuanced understanding of cultural differences. Therefore, the statement is true.

Question 2

_____ test the equivalence of psychological measures and tests for use in other cross-cultural comparative research,and they are important to conduct before cross-cultural comparisons.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural validation studies are specifically designed to test the equivalence of psychological measures and tests for use in other cross-cultural comparative research. These studies are important to conduct before cross-cultural comparisons to ensure that the measures being used are valid and reliable in the different cultural contexts being studied. The other options (B, C, and D) do not specifically address the issue of validating measures for cross-cultural research.

Question 3

During a cross-cultural study,if a scale was validated in one culture,it can be assumed that it is equally valid in any other culture.

Accepted Answer

Just because a scale has been validated in one culture, it cannot be assumed that it is equally valid in another culture. Differences in language, values, and experiences can all affect the validity of a scale in different cultures. It is important to test the validity and reliability of scales in each culture in which they are used.

Question 4

_____ is the degree to which a finding,measurement,or statistic is consistent.

Accepted Answer

Reliability is the degree to which a finding, measurement, or statistic is consistent. It refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results under consistent conditions. Validity is the extent to which a measure assesses what it is intended to assess, while bias is a systematic error in measurement or interpretation of data. Equivalence refers to the degree to which different measures of the same construct produce similar results.

Question 5

_____ use rich,complex,and in-depth descriptions of cultures and cultural differences to predict and test for differences in a psychological variable.

Accepted Answer

Indigenous cultural studies use rich, complex, and in-depth descriptions of cultures and cultural differences to predict and test for differences in a psychological variable. This approach emphasizes the importance of understanding culture on its own terms and from an insider's perspective, rather than imposing Western concepts and categories on non-Western cultures. Level-oriented studies focus on individual-level or cultural-level factors, while multi-level studies examine the interplay between individual, group, and societal factors. Cross-cultural validation studies test the validity of psychological measures across different cultural groups.

Question 6

Cross-cultural comparisons that include the measurement of a variable (contextual factor)that assesses a cultural factor considered to produce the differences on the target variable being compared across cultures are called _____.

Accepted Answer

Unpackaging studies involve comparing different cultures while taking into account contextual factors that may contribute to the observed differences in the target variable. These studies seek to identify the underlying factors that produce differences and similarities across cultures. Multi-level studies and individual-level studies may also include the measurement of contextual factors, but the focus of these studies may not be on comparing cultural differences in a specific target variable. Hypothesis-testing studies are a broader category that may include various types of studies, including unpackaging studies, but not all hypothesis-testing studies necessarily involve the measurement of contextual factors.

Question 7

Linkage studies merely document differences between cultures on some psychological variable and are unable to state whether the source of the differences is cultural or not.

Accepted Answer

Linkage studies aim to identify and understand the mechanisms through which cultural factors influence psychological variables, thereby attempting to establish a connection between cultural differences and their psychological outcomes.

Question 8

_____ involve any variable that can explain,partly or fully,cross-cultural differences when they are observed in a study.

Accepted Answer

Contextual factors refer to any variable that can explain cross-cultural differences when they are observed in a study. These factors may include historical events, socioeconomic conditions, political systems, religious beliefs, and cultural norms, among others. Understanding these factors is critical for researchers who want to interpret cross-cultural differences in a meaningful way.

Question 9

_____ are studies that attempt to measure an aspect of culture theoretically hypothesized to produce cultural differences and then empirically link that measured aspect of culture with the dependent variable of interest.

Accepted Answer

The description matches that of linkage studies, which attempt to measure a specific aspect of culture and then link that aspect to a dependent variable. Indigenous cultural studies focus on the cultural practices and beliefs of specific indigenous groups. Multi-level studies examine how different factors at various levels (individual, group, societal) influence a particular outcome. Exploratory studies aim to provide an initial understanding of a phenomenon or situation.

Question 10

Studies that examine whether constructs are conceptualized the same way across cultures,the relationship of a construct to other constructs,or the measurement of a construct are called _____.

Accepted Answer

Structure-oriented studies examine the conceptualization, relationships, and measurement of constructs across cultures. Level-oriented studies, individual-level studies, and ecological-level studies are other types of cross-cultural studies that focus on different aspects of culture and behavior.

Question 11

_____ are variables that operationalize aspects of culture that researchers believe produce differences in psychological variables.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ are variables that operationalize aspects of...

Question 12

_____ use countries or cultures as the unit of analysis.

Accepted Answer

Ecological-level studies are those that use countries or cultures as the unit of analysis to examine how social, economic, or political factors impact health outcomes at a societal level. These studies typically use data from national surveys or databases to compare health outcomes across different countries or cultures. In contrast, individual-level studies focus on the health outcomes of individual people, and may use data from surveys, clinical trials, or other sources to examine individual behaviors, risk factors, or treatments for specific health conditions. Hypothesis-testing studies and linkage studies can be conducted at either the individual or ecological level, depending on the research question and the data available.

Question 13

_____ are studies that use data from both individual and ecological levels,and incorporate the use of sophisticated statistical techniques that examine the relationship of data at one level to data at another.

Accepted Answer

Multi-level studies use data from both individual and ecological levels and employ sophisticated statistical techniques to examine the relationship between data at different levels. Exploratory studies are focused on generating new ideas and hypotheses, while hypothesis-testing studies aim to test specific hypotheses. Individual-level studies focus exclusively on data from individual-level units of analysis.

Question 14

_____ are studies that compare cultures on some psychological variable of interest,often with the hypothesis that one culture will have significantly higher scores on the variable than the other(s).

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural comparisons are studies that compare different cultures on a psychological variable of interest, with the hypothesis that one culture may have significantly higher scores on the variable than the other cultures. These types of studies allow psychologists to identify similarities and differences between cultures, as well as explore the impact of culture on behavior and cognition.

Question 15

_____ make larger inferential jumps by testing theories of cross-cultural similarities and differences.

Accepted Answer

Hypothesis-testing studies involve testing theories, which can lead to making larger inferential jumps about cross-cultural similarities and differences. Exploratory studies are more concerned with identifying new phenomena or relationships, cultural studies focus on understanding specific cultural practices or beliefs, and linkage studies examine the relationship between different variables within a culture.

Question 16

In order to ensure cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the measure used,studies should be conducted to test the reliability and validity of measures in different cultures.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural measurement equivalence is important to ensure that the measure used in different cultures is reliable and valid. To achieve this, studies should be conducted to test the psychometric properties of the measure in different cultures.

Question 17

Studies that examine cultural differences in mean levels of variables are called _____.

Accepted Answer

Level-oriented studies focus on comparing the average scores of different groups (e.g., cultural groups) on various variables to identify and understand differences in mean levels across these groups.

Question 18

_____ are often used as context variables to ensure that samples in different cultures actually harbor the cultural characteristics thought to differentiate them.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ are often used as context variables...

Question 19

_____ is the degree to which a finding,measurement,or statistic is accurate,or represents what it is supposed to.

Accepted Answer

Validity refers to the degree to which a finding, measurement, or statistic accurately and reliably represents what it is supposed to. This means that the data collected is both accurate and relevant, and that the results are free from any distortions or biases. Validity is an important consideration in any research, as it is essential for ensuring that the results are reliable and trustworthy.

Question 20

Sophisticated statistical techniques and elegant research designs are effective at "salvaging" studies that are lacking in novelty or insight.

Accepted Answer

Sophisticated statistical techniques and elegant research designs cannot compensate for a lack of novelty or insight in a study, as these fundamental qualities are essential for contributing valuable knowledge to a field.

Quiz 2: Cross-Cultural Research Methods