Question 1

The findings of a study of chimpanzees by King and Figueredo (1997)and other studies involving orangutans and chimpanzees suggest that _____ is an inherited trait among animals.

Accepted Answer

The word "dominance" implies the ability to exert control over others, which is often observed in primates such as chimpanzees and orangutans. The cited study by King and Figueredo (1997) and others support the idea that dominance is an inherited trait among animals.

Question 2

The _____,one of the core components of the five-factor theory,representing the universal personality traits are not culturally variable.

Accepted Answer

Basic tendencies, also known as the "Big Five" personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism), are believed to be universal and not culturally variable. The other options (external dispositions, characteristic adaptations, and motive dispositions) are all influenced by cultural factors.

Question 3

Hofstede,Bond,and Luk (1993)analyzed data from 1,300 individuals in Denmark and the Netherlands,and found six personality dimensions.Five of these were related to the five-factor model,and the sixth dimension was labeled _____.

Accepted Answer

Hofstede, Bond, and Luk's research identified a dimension beyond the traditional five-factor model of personality, which they labeled as "authoritarianism." This dimension was unique to their findings in the cultural context they studied.

Question 4

Which of the following is a difference between the five-factor model (FFM)and the five-factor theory (FFT)?

Accepted Answer

The FFM is a model of universal personality traits, whereas the FFT is a theory about the source of those traits. Specifically, the FFT suggests that the five dimensions of personality (extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) are derived from biological and evolutionary factors, as well as sociocultural influences. The FFM, on the other hand, is simply a model that describes those five dimensions and their underlying facets.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true of the hierarchical model of motivation?

Accepted Answer

The hierarchical model of motivation posits that humans possess evolved motive dispositions, which are serviced by a universal set of personality dispositions that help individuals achieve their affective goals by managing personal and environmental resources. This model does not reject universality of personality, but rather suggests that certain personality traits are universally present and help individuals achieve their goals. Option C refers to the self-determination theory, and option D refers to the social dominance theory, both of which are different from the hierarchical model of motivation.

Question 6

Culture can substantially influence personality through the resources,social structures,and social systems available in a specific environment to help achieve goals.

Accepted Answer

Culture provides individuals with the tools to form their personality through social structures, belief systems, and resources within a specific environment. These experiences shape behavior, attitudes, and values.

Question 7

According to Church,Katigbak,& Reyes (1998)and Church,Reyes,Katigbak,& Grimm (1997),the two additional traits,apart from the five dimensions,that described the Filipino personality adequately were:

Accepted Answer

The studies by Church, Katigbak, & Reyes (1998) and Church, Reyes, Katigbak, & Grimm (1997) identified temperamentalness and self-assurance as additional traits that describe the Filipino personality beyond the five-factor model.

Question 8

In the context of the five-factor theory,which of the following statements is NOT true of culture?

Accepted Answer

The basic tendencies representing universal personality traits are considered to be cross-culturally stable, meaning they are not culturally variable.

Question 9

Which of the following traits were considered important in predicting behaviors such as smoking,drinking,gambling,praying,tolerance of homosexuality,and tolerance of premarital and extramarital relations in Filipinos,above and beyond what could be predicted by the five-factor model?

Accepted Answer

The study found that social curiosity, risk-taking behavior, and religiosity were important traits in predicting behaviors such as smoking, drinking, gambling, praying, tolerance of homosexuality, and tolerance of premarital and extramarital relations in Filipinos, above and beyond what could be predicted by the five-factor model. The other traits listed were not found to be significant predictors.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true of the social dominance theory?

Accepted Answer

The social dominance theory concerns the maintenance and stability of social hierarchies and suggests that cultural ideologies, values, attitudes, and worldviews provide the justification for intergroup behaviors such as discrimination and prejudice. Option A refers to personality systems, Option B refers to personality structure, and Option C refers to basic psychological needs, none of which are directly related to the social dominance theory.

Question 11

In the context of an evolutionary approach,_____ is viewed as a universal psychological mechanism,a product of natural selection that serves both social and nonsocial functions in problem solving and environmental adaptation.

Accepted Answer

Personality structure is considered a universal psychological mechanism from an evolutionary perspective because it has developed through natural selection to aid in problem solving and adapting to various environments, serving both social and nonsocial functions.

Question 12

According to McCrae & Costa (1999),which of the following is a core component of the five-factor theory?

Accepted Answer

Characteristic adaptations are a core component of the five-factor theory proposed by McCrae and Costa in 1999. This theory, also known as the Big Five personality traits, proposes that personality is composed of five broad dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Characteristic adaptations refer to the more specific psychological mechanisms that people use to achieve their goals, such as attitudes, values, goals, and social roles. These characteristics are seen as intermediaries between the broad dimensions of personality and specific behaviors, and they are thought to be more changeable over the lifespan than the broad dimensions themselves.

Question 13

According to MacDonald (1991,1998),an evolutionary approach suggests a _____ model in which behavior related to personality occurs at several levels based ultimately on the motivating aspects of evolved personality systems.

Accepted Answer

MacDonald suggests a hierarchical model based on the motivating aspects of evolved personality systems, where behavior related to personality occurs at several levels.

Question 14

Terraciano and colleagues (2005)suggested that one of the functions of stereotypes about other groups is to affirm,or reaffirm,the perceptions,and often the self-worth,of one's own group.

Accepted Answer

Terraciano and colleagues (2005) argued that stereotypes can serve to validate the beliefs and attitudes of one's own group, thereby boosting a sense of group identity and self-esteem.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true of people with an external locus of control?

Accepted Answer

People with an external locus of control believe that their behavior and relationships with the environment and others are contingent on forces outside themselves and beyond their control. They may feel powerless to affect change in their own lives and may attribute their successes or failures to external factors such as luck or fate.

Question 16

_____,a component of the five-factor model,refers to the tendency to experience negative emotions,vulnerability to stress,and emotional stability.

Accepted Answer

Neuroticism is the component of the five-factor model that refers to the tendency to experience negative emotions, vulnerability to stress, and emotional instability. Agreeableness refers to an individual's tendency to be cooperative and empathetic, openness refers to a person's creativity and willingness to try new things, and extraversion refers to social behavior and outgoingness.

Question 17

One of the most contentious parts of the five-factor theory is its suggestion that the origin of the personality traits is at least partially _____ determined.

Accepted Answer

The five-factor theory suggests that the origin of personality traits is at least partially biologically determined, indicating a strong link between genetics and personality traits. This view is supported by a considerable body of research that suggests that traits such as extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness have a substantial genetic basis.

Question 18

_____,one of the dimensions of the five-factor model,refers to the degree of organization,persistence,control,and motivation in goal-directed behavior.

Accepted Answer

Conscientiousness refers to the degree of organization, persistence, control, and motivation in goal-directed behavior. People who score high in conscientiousness tend to be responsible, dependable, and achievement-oriented.

Question 19

Which of the following traits was included in the indigenous scale developed by Cheung and colleagues to measure personality in China?

Accepted Answer

Defensiveness was included in the indigenous scale developed by Cheung and colleagues to measure personality in China. This scale was designed to capture culturally relevant personality traits that might not be fully represented in Western-based personality assessments.

Question 20

People with a(n)_____ see their behavior and relationships with others as dependent on their own behavior.

Accepted Answer

People with an internal locus of control see their behavior and relationships with others as dependent on their own behavior. They believe they have control over their lives and outcomes. A powerful locus of control is not a common term used in psychology. Meanwhile, an external locus of control refers to individuals who see their behavior and relationships with others as dependent on external factors such as luck or fate, while weak locus of control does not accurately reflect any established concept.

Quiz 6: Culture and Personality

The findings of a study of chimpanzees by King and Figueredo (1997) and other studies involving orangutans and chimpanzees suggest that _____ is an inherited trait among animals.

The _____,one of the core components of the five-factor theory,representing the universal personality traits are not culturally variable.

Hofstede,Bond,and Luk (1993) analyzed data from 1,300 individuals in Denmark and the Netherlands,and found six personality dimensions.Five of these were related to the five-factor model,and the sixth dimension was labeled _____.

Which of the following is a difference between the five-factor model (FFM) and the five-factor theory (FFT) ?