Question 1

Perceptions of outgroups are often associated with _____,which is the belief that others are less human.

Accepted Answer

Infrahumanization is the perception of outgroups as less human, which can lead to discriminatory stereotyping and prejudice. Rehumanization, on the other hand, is the process of reversing this perception and recognizing the humanity of the outgroup. Malignant typecasting is not a commonly used or recognized term in the study of intergroup relations.

Question 2

Although prejudice can be either positive or negative in content,-isms,which are the prejudices that are held by one group of people about another are usually negative and derogatory.

Accepted Answer

-isms (racism, sexism, etc.) are typically negative prejudices held by one group about another.

Question 3

_____ refers to the degree to which individuals have negative attitudes or beliefs about their own clan.

Accepted Answer

Ingroup derogation refers to the phenomenon where individuals have negative attitudes or beliefs about their own group, clan, or team. This can manifest in behaviors such as criticizing, belittling or devaluing one's own group or team, and is often a result of a desire to distance oneself from negative stereotypes associated with the group. Outgroup derogation, on the other hand, refers to negative attitudes or beliefs about another group or clan.

Question 4

_____ include individuals with a history of shared experiences and an anticipated future that produce a sense of intimacy,familiarity,and trust.

Accepted Answer

Ingroups are defined as social groups that share common interests, beliefs, and values. They often include individuals with a history of shared experiences and an anticipated future that produce a sense of intimacy, familiarity, and trust. In contrast, outgroups refer to social groups that don't share these commonalities and may be viewed as outsiders or even adversaries. Outcastes are individuals who are rejected by both ingroups and outgroups, while intruders are individuals who enter a social group without being invited or welcomed.

Question 5

Which of the following statements best describes stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes are generalized images or beliefs that we have about groups of people based on their social categories, such as their race, gender, age, and nationality. These beliefs involve their underlying psychological characteristics or personality traits, and they may be based on inaccurate or incomplete information. Stereotypes can be both positive and negative, and they are often applied indiscriminately to individuals within a group, without regard to their specific qualities or characteristics.

Question 6

_____ refers to the unfair treatment of others based on their group membership.

Accepted Answer

Discrimination refers to the unfair treatment of others based on their group membership. Stereotype refers to a widely held but oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Ethnocentrism refers to the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture. Altruism refers to the selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true of the findings of the study conducted by Allik and Realo (2004)on the relationship between individualism and social capital in United States and 42 cultures around the world?

Accepted Answer

Allik and Realo (2004) found that individualistic nations were associated with greater social capital, indicating a positive relationship between individualism and levels of trust, civic participation, and social connectedness within those societies.

Question 8

_____ refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.

Accepted Answer

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others and tends to judge other cultures based on their own cultural values and beliefs. This can lead to a lack of understanding and appreciation of other cultures and can result in discrimination or prejudice.

Question 9

_____ is the fear that an ingroup member's behavior can reinforce negative stereotypes about one's group.

Accepted Answer

Collective threat refers to the fear that the actions or behavior of an ingroup member can reinforce negative stereotypes about the entire group. This can lead to anxiety and stress, as individuals feel pressure to disassociate themselves from the negative behavior in order to avoid further stigmatization.

Question 10

The social biology and evolutionary factor for universality of ethnocentrism and prejudice suggests that sentiments about ethnicity and race are logical extensions of kinship sentiment-that is,the favoring of kin over nonkin.

Accepted Answer

The theory of social biology and evolutionary factors suggests that ethnocentrism and prejudice towards other ethnic groups are rooted in favoring one's own kin over nonkin, which provides an evolutionary advantage for the survival of one's own genetic traits. Therefore, the answer is true.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes a concept?

Accepted Answer

A concept is a mental category that helps us classify and organize information by grouping objects, behaviors, events, situations, or people with common features or properties. For example, the concept of "dog" can include various breeds, sizes, and types of dogs, but they share common features, such as being mammals, having fur, barking, and being kept as pets or working animals. Concepts are part of our cognitive processes that aid in perception, memory, reasoning, communication, and decision-making.

Question 12

_____ refers to prejudicial attitudes,values,or beliefs that are unspoken and perhaps even outside of conscious awareness,whereas _____ refers to prejudice that is verbalized and thus made public.

Accepted Answer

Implicit prejudice refers to biases that are not readily acknowledged or consciously realized by individuals, whereas explicit prejudice refers to conscious biases that are openly expressed or admitted.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true of the studies conducted by Yamagishi and his colleagues on cooperation?

Accepted Answer

Yamagishi and his colleagues conducted studies that showed that cultural differences in cooperation exist due to the different sanctioning systems - formal and informal - within which individuals exist.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true of stereotypes?

Accepted Answer

Sociotypes are stereotypes based on some degree of factual observation. Stereotypes can be perpetuated through indirect observation, such as media or socialization. People can also have stereotypes about their own group. Positive stereotypes can be harder to identify and challenge, as they may be seen as benign or even complimentary.

Question 15

The proposition that connection between groups is especially effective in reducing prejudice is called _____.

Accepted Answer

The contact hypothesis proposes that increased interaction and connection between different groups can reduce prejudice and promote positive attitudes towards each other. It emphasizes the importance of direct contact and equal status between groups.

Question 16

Stereotypes about one's own group are called _____,whereas stereotypes about other groups are called _____.

Accepted Answer

Autostereotypes are stereotypes about one's own group, while heterostereotypes are stereotypes about other groups. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. Sociotypes and heterostereotypes are not valid terms for describing stereotypes.

Question 17

_____ refers to the tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership.

Accepted Answer

Prejudice is the tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership, often resulting in negative attitudes or beliefs towards that group. Ableism refers specifically to prejudice or discrimination against people with disabilities. Priming refers to the activation of specific mental associations or concepts in memory, often unconsciously. Altruism refers to the selfless concern for the welfare of others.

Question 18

In their 2004 study,Allik and Realo broadly defined _____ as interpersonal trust,civic engagement,and time spent with friends.

Accepted Answer

The definition given in the question matches the concept of social capital, which refers to the resources and benefits that individuals and communities gain from social networks, trust, and social engagement. Social wealth and social unity are not commonly used terms in social science, and social justice refers to broader issues of fairness and equity in society.

Question 19

_____ refers to the belief that groups are like people in that they have intentions and the ability to plan actions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ refers to the belief that groups...

Question 20

In terms of contact hypothesis as proposed by Allport (1954),one of the conditions to optimize the effects of contact between groups is:

Accepted Answer

According to Allport's contact hypothesis, support from authorities, law, or custom is one of the crucial conditions to optimize the effects of contact between groups. This support can help in reducing intergroup tensions and promoting positive attitudes and behaviors towards out-groups. Thus, Choice C is the most appropriate option. A difference in status or competition between the groups can lead to negative outcomes, and a difference in goals may not always facilitate positive intergroup contact.

Quiz 14: Culture and Social Behavior