Question 1

"The relations between Church and State during the Middle Ages were highly paradoxical.On the one hand,each institution desperately needed the other in order to exist; on the other hand,each institution by its very nature was bound to be antagonistic to the other." Comment on this statement.

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Question 2

What were some of the major intellectual trends among scholars and universities of the High Middle Ages? With what issues were scholars like Peter Abelard concerned? What impact did scholasticism have on medieval culture?

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Question 3

What was the Renaissance a rebirth of? What does this rebirth suggest about attitudes towards the Middle Ages? Why do you think that people tried to recreate older civilizations instead of creating a new one? How successful do you think they were at recreating the ancient world?

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Question 4

What important developments and new ideas marked the transition from the early Middle Ages to the High Middle Ages?

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Question 5

What issues led to the attempt to reform and centralize the Church starting in the eleventh century? How did political struggles between the church and state impact the development of a strong papacy?

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Question 6

Contrast some of the factors that led to the unification of France and Spain with those that prevented the unification of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire.What are the primary characteristics of the "modern state"?

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Question 7

What were the primary motivations for the Crusades? Why did the Church support them? Why did so many Europeans enlist to fight in them? How would you evaluate their overall success? What do you think the primary long-term effects of the Crusades were?

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Question 8

Describe the major changes to European society in the late Middle Ages.What do you think were the primary forces that compelled these changes? Which groups benefited from these changes and which did not?

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Question 9

What started the Hundred Years' War? What were the underlying causes of the conflict? What advantages did each side have? Why were the French finally able to remove the English from France?

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Question 10

What were the major developments in art and architecture in the High Middle Ages,and how did they differ from or influence those of the Renaissance?

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Question 11

"The Middle Ages might best be considered a period of chaos and disunity." Do you agree with this assessment? What political,social and economic factors contributed to instability and disunity in medieval civilization,and what factors worked toward stabilizing the society?

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Question 12

Discuss the struggles between the political and religious rulers of Europe during the Middle Ages.What do you think was the origin of these conflicts? How were they resolved? By the end of the Middle Ages,which side do you think had the upper hand? How do you think each achieved relative dominance over the other?

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Question 13

A common assumption is that creative work proceeds best in periods of calm and peace.Is the assumption a valid one? How is it possible to explain the simultaneous political instability and cultural productivity of the Italian scene?

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Question 14

What effects did the Black Death have on European society in the short term? In the long term? Some historians have argued that the Black Death was actually a positive occurrence for Europe.Do you agree or disagree with this assessment?

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Quiz 15: Europe to the Early 1500s: Revival, Decline, and Renaissance