Question 1

Which of the following statements is an example of a recognition test?

Accepted Answer

A recognition test involves identifying or selecting previously encountered information from a set of options. In this case, the individual is being asked to recognize the person they saw at a party from a group of individuals.

Therefore, option A is the only example of a recognition test.

Question 2

In an experiment,participants learned materials in Room A and were tested in Room B.If they were asked to think about Room A just before taking the test,participants

Accepted Answer

This is an example of context-dependent memory, where memory is better retrieved when the environmental context of learning and retrieval is the same. When participants think about Room A before taking the test, it helps to reinstate the contextual cues from the encoding phase, leading to better retrieval of the learned material. Therefore, participants would perform as well as they would have if there had been no room change.

Question 3

What is the level at which a node in a spreading activation model will fire?

Accepted Answer

The response threshold is the level at which a node in a spreading activation model will fire, meaning it will activate and send signals to other nodes in the network. This is the minimum level of activation that a node must reach in order to "fire" and spread activation throughout the network. The other options are not relevant to the concept of response threshold in spreading activation models.

Question 4

Theories of spreading activation assume that activating one node will lead to

Accepted Answer

Theories of spreading activation assume that activating one node will lead to the activation of all nodes connected to the one that was activated at first. This is because the activation spreads along the connections between nodes in a network. Thus, the more nodes that are connected to a particular node, the more likely they are to be activated as well.

Question 5

"Context reinstatement" refers to

Accepted Answer

Context reinstatement refers to the process where individuals mentally recreate the environment, situation or context in which they first learned the material. This technique improves memory performance by providing additional contextual cues that help retrieve the stored information. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 6

Context has an effect on memory

Accepted Answer

Context affects memory because it influences how the person thinks of the material to be remembered, aiding in the retrieval process by providing cues and associations.

Question 7

Because of the effects of context-dependent learning,students might find it most beneficial to

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent learning refers to the idea that our memory and ability to retrieve information is influenced by the environment or context in which we learned that information. Therefore, it would be most beneficial for students to prepare for their examinations under conditions that are similar to the test conditions, so that they can more easily retrieve the information they have learned during the exam. This is also known as "state-dependent learning," where the state or condition of learning is similar to the state during the exam. Using mnemonic devices (A) can be helpful, but it may not necessarily address context-dependent learning. Studying only when sober (B) is not necessarily relevant to context-dependent learning. Focusing on the instructor's intended meaning (C) is important, but again may not address context-dependent learning.

Question 8

Which of the following observations is most likely an illustration of context-dependent learning?

Accepted Answer

The observation describes how seeing the people from their high school reunion brought back memories of their shared experiences from 20 years earlier. This illustrates context-dependent learning, where the memory is better retrieved in the same context or situation in which it was learned.

Question 9

Steve is shown a list of words that includes "baby." He is then asked to list all the words he can remember from the list,but he does not include "baby." Steve is later given a lexical decision task in which he has to decide,for each of the letter strings presented,whether the string is an actual word or not.One of the letter strings presented in the lexical decision task,though,is "baby." Which of the following patterns is most likely to reflect Steve's performance on this identification task?

Accepted Answer

Steve's exposure to "baby" in the list he was shown earlier primes him for faster recognition of the word in the lexical decision task, even if he didn't consciously remember it when asked to recall words from the list. This phenomenon is known as priming, where prior exposure to a stimulus facilitates or speeds up the response to the same or a related stimulus later on.

Question 10

Establishing a memory connection

Accepted Answer

The answer of Establishing a memory connection
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Question 11

Participants are asked to memorize a list of words.In addition to the words themselves,participants will remember some aspects of the context in which the words appeared.This tendency to remember a stimulus within its context is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Encoding specificity refers to the phenomenon where retrieval of information from memory is enhanced when the conditions at the time of retrieval match the conditions present at the time of encoding. In this case, the context in which the words were presented during encoding will be remembered along with the words themselves. Therefore, D is the best choice as it describes this tendency to remember stimuli within its context. A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately capture this concept.

Question 12

Two groups of participants were asked to learn a series of word pairs and were then given a memory test.Both groups were told to remember the second word in each pair and use the first only as an aid to remember the targets.For Group A,the first word was semantically associated with the target word (e.g. ,dark-light).For Group B,the first word rhymed with the target word (e.g. ,sight-light).Then,each group was given hints during the memory test.Some of these hints were related to meaning (e.g. ,"Was there a word associated with 'dark'?");some were related to sound (e.g. ,"Was there a word associated with 'sight'?").Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

According to the passage, participants in Group B performed better when given a sound hint than when given a meaning hint, but there is no evidence in the passage to suggest that they performed better when given a meaning hint than when given a sound hint. Therefore, statement D is false. Statements A, B, and C are all supported by the information in the passage.

Question 13

An investigator asks,"Can you remember what happened last Tuesday at noon while you were sitting in the back room of Jane's Restaurant?" This is an example of a question relying on

Accepted Answer

The question is asking for the participant to recall a specific event that occurred at a specific time and place. This type of question requires accessing stored memories from the participant's episodic memory, which is a form of explicit memory. Therefore, the correct answer is recall.

Question 14

When you are trying to access information in long-term memory,you use a

Accepted Answer

Retrieval path refers to the process of accessing stored information by following the path etched by the initial encoding of that information. This path helps in recalling long-term memory efficiently and accurately without much effort. Harmonic search, random search strategy, and serial exhaustive search are not relevant approaches for accessing information from long-term memory.

Question 15

A participant is asked,"In the list of words I showed you earlier,was there a word that rhymed with 'lake'?" The participant is likely to be well prepared for this sort of memory test if he or she

Accepted Answer

Rhyming is based on the sound of the words, so paying attention to the sounds of the words when memorizing them increases the likelihood of being able to recall rhyming words. The other options (maintenance rehearsal, paying attention to appearance, and perceptual fluency) are less likely to be effective in recalling rhyming words.

Question 16

Which of the following statements seems to be the best illustration of encoding specificity?

Accepted Answer

Encoding specificity principle suggests that memory is most effective when information available at encoding is also present at retrieval. Option B illustrates this principle by showing that Susan can learn principles in class but struggles to remember them outside of that context, indicating the importance of context in memory retrieval.

Question 17

A participant is asked to memorize a series of word pairs,including the pair "heavy-light." The participant is asked a series of questions: "Was 'lamp' one of the words you saw? Was 'candle' one of the words? Was 'spark' one of the words? Was 'light' one of the words?" The participant answers "no" to each of these questions,probably because

Accepted Answer

The participant's response suggests that they memorized the word pair "heavy-light" in terms of weight, rather than illumination. This may be due to the learning context not providing adequate support for deeper processing or because they were not specifically instructed to focus on the meaning of the words. As a result, when asked about related words like "light," they did not associate it with the original pairing.

Question 18

If a memory is like a city you want to travel to,and the retrieval paths you use to find the memory are like highways that lead to that city,which is the best strategy for memorizing?

Accepted Answer

Building numerous highways that reach the city from many directions allows for multiple retrieval paths, which makes it easier to find and remember the memory in the future. This increases the chances of successful retrieval and reduces the risk of forgetting. Additionally, building multiple highways can facilitate the creation of associations between different ideas or concepts, which also aids memory retention.

Question 19

A researcher hypothesizes that high doses of caffeine can produce context-dependent learning.To confirm this hypothesis,the researcher would need to show that

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis is specifically about context-dependent learning, i.e. the idea that the learning context (in this case, the presence of high doses of caffeine) affects memory recall. Therefore, option D is the only one that directly addresses this idea by testing whether drinking coffee during both the learning and testing phases leads to better memory recall than just drinking coffee during the learning phase. Options A and B are too general and do not explicitly test context-dependent learning. Option C is correlational and only shows an association between coffee consumption and memory performance, but does not test the hypothesis that caffeine specifically affects context-dependent learning.

Question 20

Participants are asked to memorize a list of words.The eighth word on the list is "inches," the ninth word is "meters," and the tenth word is "feet." In which of the following situations would the participants be most likely to remember the previous exposure to "feet"?

Accepted Answer

This answer involves the concept of primacy and recency effect. Primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember the first few items on a list better, while recency effect refers to the tendency to remember the last few items better. Since "feet" is the last word in the triplet (eighth, ninth, and tenth), it falls under the recency effect. Therefore, if the word "feet" is tested soon after being presented, it is more likely to be remembered. In option A, "feet" is tested immediately after "yards," which may trigger the memory of "feet," making it easier for the participants to recall. The other options do not provide a connection between "feet" and the subsequent words, making it less likely for the participants to remember the previous exposure to "feet."

Quiz 7: Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval