Question 1

In a study by Brewer and Treyens (1981),participants waited in an experimenter's office for the experiment to begin.After they left the room,they learned that the study was about their memory of that office.This study demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

The study showed that participants made assumptions about what an academic office typically contains based on prior knowledge, and those assumptions influenced their memory of the office. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect because the study did not focus on whether participants knew what a professor's office typically contains. Option C is incorrect because the study did not compare college students' memories with other groups in society. Option D is partially correct, but it does not accurately reflect the main finding of the study, which is the role of prior knowledge in memory formation.

Question 2

Memory schemas,or schemata,serve as representations of our ________ knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Memory schemas serve as representations of our semantic, or generic, knowledge. They represent our general knowledge about the world and guide our expectations and interpretations of experiences.

Question 3

Which of the following does the text mention as a significant "cost" of memory errors?

Accepted Answer

The text specifically mentions that memory errors can lead to inaccurate eyewitness testimony, which can have significant consequences in legal cases.

Question 4

An important theme emerging from memory research is that memory connections

Accepted Answer

Memory connections make it easier to locate memories but can also lead to intrusion errors, where irrelevant information is remembered along with the target memory. This is why memory connections are important for recognition but also play a role in recall. Option A is incorrect as memory connections are important for both recognition and recall. Option B is incorrect as memory connections can actually speed up the process of locating a memory. Option D is incorrect as memory connections are important for both implicit and explicit memory.

Question 5

In a study described in the chapter,participants were asked whether they had seen the videotape of a plane crashing into a building in Amsterdam.Most participants

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a false memory or a memory that is created by external cues or suggestions. The participants were misled by their general knowledge that important events are often reported with vivid video footage, even though there was no actual videotape of the plane crash in Amsterdam.

Question 6

Repeated exposure to a person or situation will cause memory for specific instances to fade,making it difficult to recall details of any one episode.This can be problematic,but it can also be seen as a good thing.In what way does this process benefit us?

Accepted Answer

Repeated exposure to a person or situation can lead to the creation of general knowledge as we begin to understand the commonalities between different instances. For example, if we have been to a particular restaurant multiple times, we may not remember the details of each visit but we may develop a sense of the restaurant's overall atmosphere and menu offerings. This can be beneficial as it allows for efficient processing and storage of information.

Question 7

This chapter argues that the way the details of complex episodes are held together actually leads to errors.Which component of the connection between two complex memories leads to both the successes and errors of memory?

Accepted Answer

The number of connections between two memories is what leads to both the successes and errors of memory. The more connections there are between two memories, the more likely it is that they will be linked together in a way that causes errors in recall. However, having multiple connections can also aid in successful recall by providing more access points to retrieve the memories.

Question 8

Intrusion errors in memory are errors

Accepted Answer

Intrusion errors in memory occur when other knowledge or information interferes with the accuracy of the remembered event, causing errors in recall or recognition. This can happen when similar information or events are encoded in memory and become associated with the original memory, leading to confusions and inaccuracies in recall.

Question 9

Which of the following is a potential problem for memory retrieval in relation to memory connections?

Accepted Answer

When two memories become linked or connected, bits of information from one memory can be remembered as part of a different memory. This can lead to confusion and inaccuracies in memory retrieval. Option A is incorrect as overuse does not necessarily lead to memory shutting down. Option B is incorrect as memory connections are actually quite common. Option D is incorrect as memory connections can be established for any type of memory, not just traumatic ones.

Question 10

Which of the following claims is FALSE? Making an effort to understand a situation or story

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that making an effort to understand a situation or story can affect the quality and quantity of memory. Choices A, B, and C are all supported by research.

Question 11

In an experiment discussed in the chapter,members of Group A were asked to read a passage.Members of Group B were asked to read the same passage but were given a prologue that helped their understanding of the passage.When given a recall test

Accepted Answer

The answer of In an experiment discussed in the chapter,members...

Question 12

Which of the following claims regarding schema-based knowledge is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Schema-based knowledge does not necessarily rely on recall of specific information within a memory. Rather, it involves general knowledge and expectations that can be applied to a particular situation or event.

Question 13

Bartlett asked British participants to read stories from Native American folklore,and he later asked them to recall details of the stories.His findings reveal which important idea about memory?

Accepted Answer

Bartlett's research demonstrated that memory errors often occur as individuals try to make sense of or understand the information they are learning, especially when that information is unfamiliar or culturally distant, as in the case of British participants recalling Native American folklore.

Question 14

Memory errors and distortions have been documented

Accepted Answer

Memory errors and distortions have been documented in the recall of complex events, such as eyewitness testimony or autobiographical memories.

Question 15

Will has been to the zoo many times,usually with his family but also once on a school field trip.When Will tries to remember the field trip,his recollection is

Accepted Answer

Will's recollection of the school field trip is likely to include elements from his memories of other zoo trips because our memories are often influenced by our past experiences and knowledge. This can lead to similarities and confusion between events.

Question 16

Connections among our various memories do all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Source confusion occurs when the origins of a memory are misattributed, and connections among memories can actually increase the likelihood of such confusion by making it easier to mix up the sources of similar memories.

Question 17

Liz is trying to remember what she read in a textbook chapter,but she inadvertently mixes into her recall her own assumptions about the material covered in the chapter.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Liz's mixing of her own assumptions into her recall is a classic example of intrusion errors. Intrusion errors are false memories that occur when an individual recalls information that was never presented in the original stimuli, but rather stem from their own assumptions or experiences. The DRM paradigm, on the other hand, is a method often used to study false memories in which individuals are presented with a list of related words and asked to recall them later. Autobiographical memory refers to the memory of events and personal experiences in one's own life, and implicit memory refers to the subconscious recollection of information without conscious awareness.

Question 18

If given the list of the words "white," "frost," "freeze," and "flake," which word will people be most likely to erroneously report on a later memory test?

Accepted Answer

"Snow" is the most closely related word to the given list, and therefore people may easily recall it as one of the original words even if it was not actually presented.

Question 19

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be included within a kitchen schema?

Accepted Answer

The other options all involve physical items or appliances that may be found in a kitchen, whereas having breakfast at a kitchen table is a general activity that could apply to any room with a table.

Question 20

When presented with a list of words along a theme (e.g. ,"bed," "rest," "slumber," "dream," "tired"),participants often (mis)recall the theme word as part of the list (e.g. ,"sleep").This procedure is commonly referred to as the

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as the DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) procedure, where participants recall or recognize a word (the "theme word") that was not presented but is closely associated with the presented words.

Quiz 8: Remembering Complex Events

In a study by Brewer and Treyens (1981) ,participants waited in an experimenter's office for the experiment to begin.After they left the room,they learned that the study was about their memory of that office.This study demonstrated that