Question 1

The theory underlying the science of eugenics was known as

Accepted Answer

The theory underlying the science of eugenics was social Darwinism, which applied the principles of natural selection to human society and advocated for the selective breeding of individuals with desirable traits. This was based on the belief that certain races and groups of people were superior to others and that by promoting the reproduction of those deemed superior, society could improve its overall genetic quality.

Question 2

The phenomenon by which clinical drug research is done by commercial centres hired by pharmaceutical companies is know as

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is known as post-academic science, which refers to the outsourcing of scientific research to commercial entities.

Question 3

Social Darwinism and the science of eugenics contributed to

Accepted Answer

Both Social Darwinism and the science of eugenics contributed to a wide range of significant historical events, including involuntary sterilization programs, laws prohibiting interracial marriage, the content of immigration policies, and the Holocaust.

Question 4

In contemporary Canadian society, is the primary creator of society's dominant moral code, by which "deviance" and "normality" are judged.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In contemporary Canadian society, is the primary...

Question 5

Which of the following is an illustration of science acting as a social typer of deviance?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an illustration...

Question 6

According to Foucault (1980), a relationship exists between knowledge claims, power, and

Accepted Answer

Foucault argues that knowledge claims are not neutral but rather are embedded in power relations, and that they have the capacity to both produce and reinforce social norms and expectations. In turn, these norms and expectations exert a significant influence on society, shaping the way people behave and think. This relationship between power and knowledge is referred to as power-knowledge.

Question 7

Which of the following positions involved in contemporary debates over genetics is based upon religious belief systems?

Accepted Answer

The position that the Human Genome Project should be abandoned is often based on religious belief systems that may view genetic manipulation as interfering with divine creation or natural order.

Question 8

According to Shermer's (2001) deviant science/real science continuum, which of the following is considered to fall at the extreme end of real science?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Shermer's (2001) deviant science/real science...

Question 9

What are the potential consequences of the Human Genome Project, according to scientists working within it?

Accepted Answer

The Human Genome Project has the potential to lead to advancements in medicine that could prevent and cure illnesses, as well as increase longevity. It is also possible that a better understanding of the human genome could lead to advancements in fields such as neuroscience, potentially increasing intelligence. However, it is unlikely that the project will directly solve social problems such as homelessness.

Question 10

Social Darwinism rationalized European colonization of countries throughout much of the world on the basis of the

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social Darwinism rationalized European colonization of countries...

Question 11

Within which countries were eugenic ideals pursued by governments?

Accepted Answer

Eugenic ideals were pursued by governments in Nazi Germany, Britain, Canada, and the United States. Each country had their own implementation and enforcement of eugenic policies, ranging from forced sterilization to the encouragement of selective breeding.

Question 12

Which of the following accurately describes the chronological order of the changing institutional logics governing the regulation of scientific misconduct, from oldest to most recent?

Accepted Answer

The earliest institutional logic governing the regulation of scientific misconduct was science as self-regulating, where the scientific community was responsible for policing its own members. This was followed by the introduction of coercive measures in the form of government regulations and oversight. The most recent institutional logic is promoting research integrity, which focuses on developing positive research practices and creating a culture of research integrity. Therefore, the correct chronological order is science as self-regulating, followed by coercive measures, and then promoting research integrity. Choice D accurately reflects this order.

Question 13

What was the central goal of the eugenics movement?

Accepted Answer

The central goal of the eugenics movement was to increase reproduction among society's "superior" persons and decrease reproduction among society's "inferior" persons, in order to improve the overall genetic quality of the human population. This often led to discriminatory and unethical practices such as forced sterilization and marriage restrictions.

Question 14

According to Montgomery and Oliver's (2009) analysis of the changing institutional logics governing the regulation of scientific misconduct, what was the governing logic prior to 1975?

Accepted Answer

Montgomery and Oliver (2009) found that prior to 1975, the governing logic for regulating scientific misconduct was based on the belief that science was self-regulating and that external regulation was unnecessary.

Question 15

When a science's belief system and/or technologies are significantly called into question as a whole, 	exists.

Accepted Answer

A deviant science refers to a field of study or practice that has deviated from the traditional or mainstream beliefs and practices, often as a result of significant questions or criticisms. When a science's belief system and/or technologies are called into question as a whole, it may lead to the development of a deviant science that offers alternative theories, methods, or applications.

Question 16

Some scientific research has found a relationship between astrological sign and

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some scientific research has found a relationship...

Question 17

In an analysis of 70 clinical studies done on a particular class of cardiac drugs, approximately 	% of industry-sponsored research reported positive findings, while 	% of publicly-funded research reported positive findings.

Accepted Answer

Industry-sponsored research often has a higher likelihood of reporting positive findings due to potential biases, while publicly-funded research tends to be more balanced, leading to the figures 96% and 37% respectively.

Question 18

In a survey of 3,200 medical researchers, approximately what proportion admitted to engaging in at least 1 of 10 "serious" forms of scientific misconduct?

Accepted Answer

According to the survey, approximately 30% of the medical researchers admitted to engaging in at least 1 of 10 "serious" forms of scientific misconduct.

Question 19

Dr. Hwang Woo Suk claimed he had no idea that the data he was using for his work was fraudulent data. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Dr. Hwang Woo Suk's claim that he had no idea that the data he was using for his work was fraudulent data is an example of denial of responsibility, as he is attempting to shift the blame away from himself and onto others.

Question 20

Which of the following statement about the benefits and dangers of genetic testing is true?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statement about the...

Quiz 9: Scientific Belief Systems