Question 1

Concerning its effects on liking for a task,the use of reward:

Accepted Answer

The use of reward may reduce the intrinsic enjoyment of the task. This is because when a person is rewarded for doing a task, their focus shifts from enjoying the task itself to receiving the reward. Once the reward is taken away, the person may lose their motivation to continue doing the task because it is no longer enjoyable on its own. This is known as the overjustification effect. While there may be some instances where reward increases liking for a task, in general, it is more likely to decrease intrinsic enjoyment.

Question 2

Two prisoners are being separately interrogated by the police.The prisoners must decide whether or not to confess to a crime.In the prisoner's dilemma the choice to confess is the _____ choice.

Accepted Answer

The best choice for both prisoners would be to not confess, as this would result in the least amount of jail time for both of them. However, because the prisoners are being interrogated separately and cannot communicate with each other, they cannot coordinate their decisions. In this situation, confessing is the dominant strategy for each prisoner, as it ensures a shorter jail time no matter what the other prisoner chooses. This leads to a collective outcome that is worse for both prisoners compared to if they both chose to not confess. Therefore, the choice to confess is competitive in nature.

Question 3

Two prisoners are being separately interrogated by the police.The prisoners must decide whether or not to confess to a crime.In this prisoner's dilemma the choice with the highest outcome for the prisoners is to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Two prisoners are being separately interrogated by...

Question 4

Skinner promoted the use of an educational system involving self-teaching and carefully sequenced materials.The system is known as _______ instruction.

Accepted Answer

Skinner promoted the use of programmed instruction, which involves self-teaching and carefully sequenced materials.

Question 5

The use of classical conditioning principles in advertising is most likely to be effective when:

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is most effective when it occurs unconsciously or without deliberate thought. Therefore, when individuals give little thought to their choices, they are more susceptible to the effects of classical conditioning in advertising.

Question 6

The use of fear in advertisements is largely ineffective.

Accepted Answer

The use of fear in advertisements can be effective for certain products or behaviors, especially when it motivates consumers to take action to avoid negative outcomes, such as in health and safety campaigns.

Question 7

Recall Watson's famous "Give me a dozen healthy infants ..." passage,quoted in your text.The passage expresses Watson's belief on the importance of _____.

Accepted Answer

Watson's passage expresses his belief on the importance of nurture, as he believes that he could shape any infant into any type of person through conditioning and environment, regardless of innate abilities or traits.

Question 8

Which of the following expressions best captures the meaning of the term outcomes

Accepted Answer

Outcomes in behavioral terms can be thought of as the net result of reinforcing (positive or negative) and punishing (positive or negative) stimuli. Positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers both encourage a behavior to occur, while positive punishers and negative punishers discourage a behavior. Therefore, to understand the overall outcome, one would add the effects of reinforcers and subtract the effects of punishers.

Question 9

Your text reports an experiment by Lepper et al.(1973)on the effects of reward.In the study,children were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: an expected reward condition,an unexpected reward condition,or a no reward condition.The children in the _____ condition were more likely to lose their initial interest in the task.

Accepted Answer

According to the text, the children in the "expected reward" condition were more likely to lose their initial interest in the task. Therefore, the best choice is A).

Question 10

In a social dilemma _____ outcomes for one person lead to _____ outcomes for the group.

Accepted Answer

In a social dilemma, actions that lead to increased outcomes for one individual often result in decreased outcomes for the group as a whole, due to the collective impact of self-interested choices.

Question 11

Your text reports a meta-analysis by Gershoff (2002)examining the effects of the use of punishment on children's behavior.The use of punishment was positively related to _________ and negatively related to ___________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your text reports a meta-analysis by Gershoff...

Question 12

In the terminology of classical conditioning,a consumer's positive response to a product is usually an unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

A consumer's positive response to a product is typically a conditioned response, as it is learned through association with the product rather than being an innate or natural response.

Question 13

Which of the following is the important finding in the research by Lepper et al.(1973)on the effects of reward

Accepted Answer

The important finding in the research by Lepper et al. (1973) is that reward can undermine initial interest in a behavior. The study found that when children were promised a reward for doing something they already found interesting (such as drawing), they became less interested in the activity once the reward was removed. This is known as the overjustification effect and suggests that external rewards can decrease intrinsic motivation.

Question 14

The differences between competing varieties of toothpaste are small and consumers spend little time weighing the available toothpaste options.By contrast,there are sizeable differences between computer operating systems,and people consider the alternatives carefully.Based on this information,which of the following statements is probably the most reasonable with respect to the effectiveness of classical conditioning principles in advertising toothpaste on the one hand,and computer operating systems on the other

Accepted Answer

The passage suggests that consumers spend little time weighing the available options when it comes to toothpaste, meaning that they are likely to make choices based on habit and familiarity. Classical conditioning principles can be used to reinforce these habits and preferences. In contrast, the passage indicates that people consider the alternatives carefully when it comes to computer operating systems. Classical conditioning principles may not be as effective in advertising these more complex and multifaceted products, as consumers are likely to weigh a variety of factors beyond their immediate response to advertising stimuli. Therefore, option D - classical conditioning principles would be more effective in advertising toothpaste than in advertising computer operating systems - is the best choice.

Question 15

Somewhat paradoxically,the use of reward can decrease students' interest in a task or assignment.

Accepted Answer

This is known as the overjustification effect, where providing an extrinsic reward (such as money or a prize) for something that was previously intrinsically motivating can actually undermine the individual's interest and enjoyment of the activity.

Question 16

Many people want to have cheap gasoline and drive their cars as much as they want.But this behavior reduces the overall supply of gasoline and makes prices go up for everyone.This situation represents which of the following

Accepted Answer

This situation represents a social dilemma because each individual's pursuit of their own self-interest (wanting cheap gasoline and being able to drive as much as they want) results in a negative outcome for the group as a whole (reduced overall supply of gasoline and higher prices for everyone).

Question 17

Social dilemmas may be best understood in terms of

Accepted Answer

Social dilemmas involve making decisions that have long-term consequences for oneself and for others, and these decisions often involve weighing the costs and benefits of cooperation versus defection. Operant conditioning principles, such as reinforcement and punishment, can help explain the decision-making processes involved in social dilemmas.

Question 18

Programmed instruction is based on the principles of ________ conditioning.It was promoted by _________.

Accepted Answer

Programmed instruction is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which is associated with B.F. Skinner. Classical conditioning is associated with Ivan Pavlov and Watson, who are not associated with programmed instruction.

Question 19

In the prisoner's dilemma game,a __________ is used to express the potential outcomes for each of the players in the game,given the decisions each player makes.

Accepted Answer

In the prisoner's dilemma game, the potential outcomes for each player are best illustrated through a payoff matrix. This matrix shows the possible choices of each player and the associated payoffs for those choices. This can help players to determine their own strategy based on what would be the most advantageous for them, given the other player's strategy.

Question 20

Based on your text's discussion,how effective is the use of fear in advertising,as compared to the use of more positive emotions

Accepted Answer

Fear can be as effective as positive emotions in advertisements because it can capture attention and motivate action, but its effectiveness depends on the context and execution.

Quiz 7: Social Psychology: Stereotypes

Concerning its effects on liking for a task,the use of reward:

Two prisoners are being separately interrogated by the police.The prisoners must decide whether or not to confess to a crime.In the prisoner's dilemma the choice to confess is the _____ choice.

Two prisoners are being separately interrogated by the police.The prisoners must decide whether or not to confess to a crime.In this prisoner's dilemma the choice with the highest outcome for the prisoners is to

Skinner promoted the use of an educational system involving self-teaching and carefully sequenced materials.The system is known as _______ instruction.

The use of classical conditioning principles in advertising is most likely to be effective when:

The use of fear in advertisements is largely ineffective.

Recall Watson's famous "Give me a dozen healthy infants ..." passage,quoted in your text.The passage expresses Watson's belief on the importance of _____.

Which of the following expressions best captures the meaning of the term outcomes

In a social dilemma _ outcomes for one person lead to _ outcomes for the group.

Your text reports a meta-analysis by Gershoff (2002) examining the effects of the use of punishment on children's behavior.The use of punishment was positively related to _ and negatively related to ___.

In the terminology of classical conditioning,a consumer's positive response to a product is usually an unconditioned response.

Which of the following is the important finding in the research by Lepper et al.(1973) on the effects of reward

Somewhat paradoxically,the use of reward can decrease students' interest in a task or assignment.

Many people want to have cheap gasoline and drive their cars as much as they want.But this behavior reduces the overall supply of gasoline and makes prices go up for everyone.This situation represents which of the following

Social dilemmas may be best understood in terms of

Programmed instruction is based on the principles of conditioning.It was promoted by _.

In the prisoner's dilemma game,a __________ is used to express the potential outcomes for each of the players in the game,given the decisions each player makes.

Based on your text's discussion,how effective is the use of fear in advertising,as compared to the use of more positive emotions

Quiz 7: Social Psychology: Stereotypes

Concerning its effects on liking for a task,the use of reward:

Two prisoners are being separately interrogated by the police.The prisoners must decide whether or not to confess to a crime.In the prisoner's dilemma the choice to confess is the _____ choice.

Two prisoners are being separately interrogated by the police.The prisoners must decide whether or not to confess to a crime.In this prisoner's dilemma the choice with the highest outcome for the prisoners is to

Skinner promoted the use of an educational system involving self-teaching and carefully sequenced materials.The system is known as _______ instruction.

The use of classical conditioning principles in advertising is most likely to be effective when:

The use of fear in advertisements is largely ineffective.

Recall Watson's famous "Give me a dozen healthy infants ..." passage,quoted in your text.The passage expresses Watson's belief on the importance of _____.

Which of the following expressions best captures the meaning of the term outcomes

In a social dilemma _____ outcomes for one person lead to _____ outcomes for the group.

Your text reports a meta-analysis by Gershoff (2002) examining the effects of the use of punishment on children's behavior.The use of punishment was positively related to _________ and negatively related to ___________.

In the terminology of classical conditioning,a consumer's positive response to a product is usually an unconditioned response.

Which of the following is the important finding in the research by Lepper et al.(1973) on the effects of reward

Somewhat paradoxically,the use of reward can decrease students' interest in a task or assignment.

Many people want to have cheap gasoline and drive their cars as much as they want.But this behavior reduces the overall supply of gasoline and makes prices go up for everyone.This situation represents which of the following

Social dilemmas may be best understood in terms of

Programmed instruction is based on the principles of ________ conditioning.It was promoted by _________.

In the prisoner's dilemma game,a __________ is used to express the potential outcomes for each of the players in the game,given the decisions each player makes.

Based on your text's discussion,how effective is the use of fear in advertising,as compared to the use of more positive emotions

In a social dilemma _ outcomes for one person lead to _ outcomes for the group.

Your text reports a meta-analysis by Gershoff (2002) examining the effects of the use of punishment on children's behavior.The use of punishment was positively related to _ and negatively related to ___.

Programmed instruction is based on the principles of conditioning.It was promoted by _.