Question 1

In a recent study,fathers with lower levels of ________ engaged in more optimal parenting practices with their infants.

Accepted Answer

Lower levels of testosterone in fathers have been associated with more nurturing and involved parenting behaviors.

Question 2

Which of the following hormones is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin is released during breast feeding and also by contact and warmth, facilitating bonding between mother and child.

Question 3

In ________,parents can take an 18-month job-protected parental leave with benefits that can be shared by parents and applied to full-time or part-time work.

Accepted Answer

Sweden is known for having progressive parental leave policies, which allow parents to take an 18-month job-protected parental leave with benefits that can be shared by parents and can be applied to both full-time or part-time work. Furthermore, Swedish law also provides job security during this leave period, making it one of the most family-friendly policies in the world.

Question 4

Managing and guiding infant behaviors involves

Accepted Answer

Childproofing the environment is an important part of managing and guiding infant behaviors as it helps to reduce the risk of accidents and injuries. This includes things like ensuring dangerous objects are out of reach, securing cabinets and drawers, and using safety gates. Coercive parenting and avoidance of discipline are not effective approaches to guiding infant behavior. While day care providers may also play a role in managing infant behaviors, parents are typically the primary caregivers and are responsible for creating a safe and supportive environment for their child.

Question 5

The current family leave policy in the United States allows up to ________ weeks of unpaid leave to care for a newborn.

Accepted Answer

The current family leave policy in the United States allows up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for a newborn under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA).

Question 6

In which of the following cultures do fathers and mothers spend almost equal time interacting with their infants?

Accepted Answer

In the Aka pygmy culture, fathers and mothers spend almost equal time interacting with their infants. Research has shown that Aka fathers spend up to 47% of their time holding and caring for their infants, which is among the highest level of paternal involvement observed in any society.

Question 7

Reciprocal socialization occurs when

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal socialization refers to the bidirectional process in which parents socialize children and children also socialize parents in return. It involves both parties influencing each other's behavior, attitudes, and values. Option A and B are correct but incomplete as they only focus on one-directional aspects of socialization. Option D is not directly related to reciprocal socialization.

Question 8

Which of the following terms refers to the collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure?

Accepted Answer

The nucleus acumens is a collection of neurons in the forebrain associated with the experience of pleasure, particularly in response to drugs and other addictive substances. The hypothalamus is a brain region involved in regulating a wide range of bodily functions, including hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. The amygdala is involved in emotional processing, including fear and anxiety. The hippocampus is primarily associated with memory formation and retrieval.

Question 9

Which of the following neuropeptide hormones has the most important role in the formation of a positive maternal infant bond?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin has been shown to have a significant role in the formation of a positive maternal infant bond. It is often referred to as the "love hormone" because it is released during social bonding activities, including breastfeeding and skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby. Oxytocin promotes feelings of trust, empathy, and closeness, which are essential for the development of a strong bond between mother and infant.

Question 10

A recent meta-analysis of 127 research reports into issues related to the developmental cascade model concluded that

Accepted Answer

The meta-analysis found that insecurely attached children are likely to remain insecurely attached, indicating a risk of continued insecurity in attachment.

Question 11

A comprehensive,longitudinal study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)found that

Accepted Answer

Lower-income families are more likely than more affluent families to use child care due to the need for both parents to work to make ends meet.

Question 12

High-quality child care includes all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

High teacher-child ratios suggest that there are too many children for each teacher to give individualized attention and care to each child, which is not indicative of high-quality child care.

Question 13

Paternal improvements in parenting,such as increased positive affect and vocal synchrony,were associated with the administration of

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin has been shown to increase parental behavior, including positive affect and vocal synchrony. Studies have found that administration of oxytocin can increase paternal caregiving behavior, such as playing with and showing affection towards their children.

Question 14

Brianna is playing with her son,Kevin.When Brianna smiles at Kevin,he smiles back at her,and when Kevin smiles at his mother she responds by smiling back at him.This shows that Brianna and Kevin are engaging in

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal socialization refers to the mutual influence and interaction between a child and their caregiver. In this scenario, Brianna and Kevin are engaging in reciprocal socialization as they are both influencing each other's behaviors and emotions through their interactions. Brianna's smile elicits a smile from Kevin, and Kevin's smile elicits a smile from Brianna, indicating that they are both actively involved in shaping each other's behaviors and emotions.

Question 15

According to your text,there was an increase from 1.6 million to ________ stay-at-home fathers in the United States between 2004 to 2012.

Accepted Answer

The number of stay-at-home fathers in the United States increased from 1.6 million to 2 million between 2004 to 2012.

Question 16

Which of the following terms refers to adjusting the level of guidance to fit the child's performance?

Accepted Answer

Scaffolding refers to adjusting the level of guidance to fit the child's performance. The term reciprocal socialization refers to the bidirectional nature of socialization between children and their caregivers, social referencing refers to infants using their caregiver's emotional expressions as a cue to interpret ambiguous situations, and goodness of fit refers to how well a child's temperament matches the demands and expectations of their environment.

Question 17

Research on the role of hormones and neurotransmitters in attachment has emphasized the importance of two neuropeptide hormones-oxytocin and ________-in the formation of the maternal-infant bond.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that both oxytocin and vasopressin are important in the formation of the maternal-infant bond. Oxytocin is often referred to as the "love hormone" and is released during experiences of social bonding, including breastfeeding and skin-to-skin contact between a mother and infant. Vasopressin has similar effects on social bonding and has been linked to paternal behavior in rodents. Estradiol, cortisol, and serotonin also play important roles in attachment but are not specifically implicated in the formation of the maternal-infant bond.

Question 18

Caregiver-infant games such as peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake exemplify

Accepted Answer

These games are examples of scaffolding, where caregivers provide a supportive framework to help infants learn social and cognitive skills through interactive play.

Question 19

In which of the following cultures do grandmothers and siblings provide significant care to infants?

Accepted Answer

In Hausa culture, it is common for grandmothers and siblings to provide significant care to infants. In North American culture, parents usually provide the primary care for infants, while grandparents may offer occasional support. In German culture, state-funded child care is widely available and parents may rely on this for infant care. In Japanese culture, extended family members may offer some support, but parents are still largely responsible for their own children's care.

Question 20

Jay is a new father.Based on gender trends,which of the following activities is Jay more likely to engage in with his infant than the infant's mother?

Accepted Answer

Fathers are often more likely to engage in playful activities such as throwing the infant into the air, while mothers may be more involved in caregiving tasks like changing diapers, bathing, and feeding.

Quiz 7: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

In a recent study,fathers with lower levels of ________ engaged in more optimal parenting practices with their infants.