Question 1

Research that links antisocial behavior to a person's brain chemistry,brain damage,and complications attributed to low birthweight draw from which theoretical perspective?

Accepted Answer

The research linking antisocial behavior to brain chemistry, brain damage, and complications attributed to low birthweight draws from the perspective of neurological dysfunction. This perspective focuses on how abnormalities or dysfunctions in the brain's structure or chemistry can influence behavior and cognitive functioning.

Question 2

A geographic location that is known to be the scene of repeated delinquent activity is called a:

Accepted Answer

A "hot spot" is the term used to describe a geographic location known for repeated delinquent activity or high crime rates. This term is commonly used in criminology and law enforcement to identify areas that require additional attention or resources.

Question 3

Which of the following theories best reflects the branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood?

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic theory, which was developed by Sigmund Freud, holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood. This theory involves the analysis of unconscious desires, thoughts, and memories, as well as the concept of defense mechanisms, such as repression and projection. Behavioral theory, on the other hand, focuses on observable behavior and how it is shaped by environmental factors, while cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in shaping behavior. General deterrence theory pertains to the concept of punishment as a deterrent to crime.

Question 4

The __________________ develops through interactions with parents and others and represents the conscience and the moral rules that are shared by most adults.

Accepted Answer

The superego is the part of personality that develops through interactions with parents and others, and represents the conscience and the moral rules that are shared by most adults. It is responsible for enforcing society's standards of right and wrong, and serves as a buffer between the impulsive demands of the id and the realistic constraints of the external world.

Question 5

Which of the following criminologists is credited with the development of the theory of criminal atavism?

Accepted Answer

Cesare Lombroso is credited with the development of the theory of criminal atavism, which suggests that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks to a more primitive and savage state of being. This theory was based on the idea that certain physical characteristics, such as asymmetrical facial features or an overactive glandular system, were associated with criminal behavior.

Question 6

Biosocial theorists believe antisocial behavior characteristics and mental disorders have a genetic influence. Which of the following statements is an indirect connection?

Accepted Answer

This statement suggests that an individual's genetic makeup may influence their tendencies to form friendships, which can in turn affect their behavior and potentially lead to either conventional or antisocial actions. However, it does not directly state that antisocial behavior or mental disorders are inherited.

Question 7

According to Moffitt,learning disabilities correlate highly with early onset of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Moffitt,learning disabilities correlate highly with...

Question 8

Which of the following approaches have tested the gene-delinquency association?

Accepted Answer

All of the given approaches (twin studies, adoption studies, and parental deviance) have been used to test the gene-delinquency association. Twin studies investigate the genetic influence on delinquency by comparing monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins. Adoption studies examine the role of both genetic and environmental factors in delinquency by comparing adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents. Lastly, parental deviance studies explore the relationship between parents' criminal behavior and their children's delinquency, indicating a potential genetic influence.

Question 9

It has been suggested that children who manifest behavioral disturbances may have neurological deficits,such as damage to the hemispheres of the brain.This is sometimes referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Minimal brain dysfunction, also known as minimal brain damage or dysfunction, is a term used to describe a possible neurological basis for certain behavioral and learning problems in children, such as hyperactivity or impulsivity. It is believed to be caused by subtle brain injuries or deficits in specific areas of the brain. Bipolar disorder, cognitive dissonance, and autism are not typically associated with this type of neurological dysfunction.

Question 10

According to __________________ theory,delinquency is a function of personal predispositions such as temperament,personality,hormones,or genetics.

Accepted Answer

The trait theory of delinquency states that personal characteristics such as temperament, personality, hormones, or genetics are significant factors that influence delinquent behavior. This theory suggests that delinquents have certain traits that make them more likely to engage in criminal behavior, such as impulsiveness and a lack of empathy. Therefore, choice (B) and social learning (A) theories argue that delinquent behavior is a result of external factors rather than inherent traits, and social structure theory (D) emphasizes the impact of economic and social conditions on crime rates.

Question 11

The _______________________ assumes that LD leads to poor school behavior,which leads to frustration,negative self-image,and acting out.

Accepted Answer

The given statement describes the school failure rationale, which posits that learning disabilities can cause poor academic performance and subsequently lead to negative self-perception and problem behavior in the school setting.

Question 12

Which of the following criminologists advocated that criminality could best be controlled by regulating the reproduction of families exhibiting abnormal traits,such as "feeblemindedness?"

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following criminologists advocated that...

Question 13

A psychological condition producing mood swings between wild elation and deep depression is called:

Accepted Answer

Bipolar disorder is characterized by episodes of mania (wild elation) and depression, which result in mood swings that can range from extreme happiness to severe sadness. Sleeping disorders, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders may have similar symptoms, but they do not produce the same alternating extremes of mood seen in bipolar disorder.

Question 14

Research that links antisocial behavior to a person's diet draws from which theoretical perspective?

Accepted Answer

Biosocial theories suggest that both biological and environmental factors contribute to the development of antisocial behavior. Research on diet and its links to antisocial behavior would fall under this perspective as it considers both physiological (i.e. the effects of certain nutrients on the brain) and environmental (i.e. access to healthy foods) factors in shaping behavior. Choice theory focuses on an individual's decision-making processes, behaviorism is primarily concerned with environmental factors that shape behavior, and personality trait theory emphasizes the role of stable personality characteristics in predicting behavior. None of these perspectives would be specifically focused on the role of diet in antisocial behavior.

Question 15

Contemporary biochemical factors related to delinquency include each of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Minimal brain dysfunction is more related to neurological or psychological factors rather than biochemical factors.

Question 16

Which statement about attachment theory is false?

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. While disrupted attachment can lead to various psychological disorders, there is no evidence to suggest that girls disproportionately experience disrupted attachment or that this leads to their disproportionate rates of offending. Gender is not a significant factor in attachment theory.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a symptom of ADHD?

Accepted Answer

Sustaining interest in play activities is actually a symptom of ADHD, not the opposite. The other options (A, B, and D) are all common symptoms of ADHD.

Question 18

The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA)at Columbia University released findings that show how learning disabilities are linked to substance abuse.Which of the following is false?

Accepted Answer

All of the statements are true, therefore none of them are false.

Question 19

The _______________________ argues that the link between learning disabilities and delinquency is caused by the side effects of learning disabilities such as impulsiveness and the inability to learn from social cues.

Accepted Answer

The susceptibility rationale suggests that certain characteristics, such as impulsiveness and difficulty in learning from social cues, which are side effects of learning disabilities, make individuals more prone to engaging in delinquent behavior.

Question 20

Erik Erikson coined the term ____________________ to refer to a psychological state in which youth face inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles.

Accepted Answer

Erikson proposed that during adolescence (ages 12-18), individuals experience a psychosocial stage called identity versus role confusion. At this stage, youth must navigate various identity-related questions and conflicts. Identity crisis refers to a state of inner turmoil and uncertainty regarding one's self-concept and future roles. The individual may struggle to answer questions like "Who am I?" and "What do I want to do with my life?" If successfully resolved, individuals emerge from this stage with a clear and stable sense of identity.

Quiz 3: Individual Views of Delinquency: Choice and Trait