Question 1

Most chemolithotrophs have electron transport chains that terminate with O₂ as the final electron acceptor.

Accepted Answer

Most chemolithotrophs are aerobic, meaning they use oxygen as the final electron acceptor in their electron transport chains.

Question 2

Complete catabolism of lactose requires

Accepted Answer

The answer of Complete catabolism of lactose requires
...

Question 3

Many chemolithotrophs are able to produce more ATP from oxidation of their inorganic energy source than chemoheterotrophs produce from the aerobic oxidation of glucose.

Accepted Answer

Chemolithotrophs typically generate less ATP per oxidized molecule compared to the ATP yield from aerobic oxidation of glucose by chemoheterotrophs, because the energy available from the oxidation of inorganic compounds is generally less than that from organic compounds like glucose.

Question 4

A _________ hydrolyzes a protein into its constituent amino acid monomers and a ___________enzyme removes amino groups from the amino acids.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A _________ hydrolyzes a protein into its...

Question 5

____________ is an aerobic chemolithotrophic process that ultimately oxidizes ammonia to nitrate,whereas __________ is a form of anaerobic respiration involving the oxidation of an organic compound using an oxidized nitrogenous compound,such as nitrate,as the terminal electron acceptor.

Accepted Answer

The description of the first process matches nitrification, which oxidizes ammonia to nitrate in an aerobic chemolithotrophic process. The second process is denitrification, which involves the use of an oxidized nitrogenous compound, like nitrate, as the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration. Therefore, option D - Nitrification; denitrification is the best choice.

Question 6

Chemolithotrophs generally derive ________ ATP from oxidation of inorganic substrates because the reduction potentials of those substrates are much more ________ than the reduction potential of organic substrates.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chemolithotrophs generally derive ________ ATP from oxidation...

Question 7

The substances that donate electrons to the electron transport chains of chemolithotrophs are ___________.

Accepted Answer

Chemolithotrophs are organisms that derive energy from inorganic compounds. These compounds, such as hydrogen gas, sulfur compounds, and iron, donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Carbohydrates, lipids, methane gas, and alcohols are organic compounds that can serve as energy sources for some organisms, but not for chemolithotrophs.

Question 8

How does a fermenter generate proton motive force (PMF)to drive active transport?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation does not use an electron transport chain to generate PMF. Instead, some fermenters can generate PMF by reversing the direction of the ATP synthase enzyme. This allows the enzyme to use the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to pump protons across a membrane, generating a PMF that can then drive active transport.

Question 9

The TCA cycle is located in the ______________ of bacteria,and in the _____________ of eukaryotes.

Accepted Answer

In bacteria, there are no membrane-bound organelles, and all metabolic pathways occur in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the TCA cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle) is located in the cytoplasm of bacteria. In eukaryotes, the TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which is a compartment within the mitochondria that is surrounded by the inner mitochondrial membrane. The outer mitochondrial membrane is not involved in the TCA cycle. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer.

Question 10

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b as well as the accessory pigments are arranged in an antenna array with a reaction center chlorophyll.These antenna arrays with the reaction center chlorophyll are known as

Accepted Answer

The arrangement of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and accessory pigments in an antenna array with a reaction center chlorophyll is called a photosystem. Photosystems are responsible for the initial capture of light energy in photosynthesis. Therefore, the best choice is C, photosystems, as it accurately describes the given information. Choices A, B and D are not accurate descriptions of the given information.

Question 11

The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.

Accepted Answer

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is oxygen, while in anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor can vary depending on the type of microorganism performing the process.

Question 12

The amount of ATP produced during anaerobic respiration is ___________ that produced during aerobic respiration,because the difference in the standard reduction potential between NADH and the final electron acceptor is _______________.

Accepted Answer

During anaerobic respiration, the amount of ATP produced is less than that produced during aerobic respiration because the difference in the standard reduction potential between NADH and the final electron acceptor is smaller. In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is oxygen, which has a high reduction potential, whereas in anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor has a lower reduction potential, resulting in less ATP production.

Question 13

All forms of phototropy "harvest" light energy to fix carbon,producing sugar.

Accepted Answer

Phototropy refers to the growth or movement of an organism in response to light, not the process of fixing carbon to produce sugar, which is specifically called photosynthesis.

Question 14

How is ATP produced during fermentation?

Accepted Answer

ATP is produced during fermentation through substrate-level phosphorylation, which involves the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP to form ATP. This process does not require oxygen or an electron transport chain.

Question 15

Consider the metabolism of a chlorophyll-based phototroph.In oxidative phosphorylation during cell respiration,the source of energy is ______________ whereas in photophosphorylation the source of energy is ____________.

Accepted Answer

In oxidative phosphorylation, the source of energy is highly reduced organic compounds, which are oxidized to release energy that is then used to generate ATP. In photophosphorylation, the source of energy is light, which is captured by chlorophyll and used to generate ATP and NADPH during photosynthesis.

Question 16

What enzymes hydrolyze proteins,releasing amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins by hydrolyzing peptide bonds between amino acids, releasing individual amino acids. Tranaminases, decarboxylases, and deaminases all play different roles in amino acid metabolism but do not directly hydrolyze proteins.

Question 17

When nitrate is used as a final electron acceptor by bacteria growing in anoxic soils,the nitrogen is no longer available for the construction of precursor metabolites.This is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction is a process where bacteria use nitrate as a final electron acceptor in the absence of oxygen, releasing nitrogen gas in the process. This means that the nitrogen is no longer available for the construction of precursor metabolites, which are needed for growth and metabolism. Nitrification involves the conversion of ammonia to nitrate, and nitrogen fixation involves the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to a form that can be used by organisms. Nitrogen respiration is not a commonly used term in microbiology.

Question 18

______________ refers to the removal of an amino group from an amino acid.One mechanism for this removal is _____________,in which the amino group is transferred to an acceptor molecule.

Accepted Answer

Deamination refers to the removal of an amino group from an amino acid. The mechanism for this removal is transamination, in which the amino group is transferred to an acceptor molecule. Hydrolysis is a mechanism for cleaving chemical bonds using water, but it is not specifically related to the removal of amino groups from amino acids. Therefore, option B is the best answer.

Question 19

How does the phosphorylation of galactose differ from the phosphorylation of glucose,mannose,and fructose prior to catabolism?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorylation of galactose is unique because it involves the use of UTP (Uridine Triphosphate) to phosphorylate galactose-1-phosphate, unlike glucose, mannose, and fructose, which typically use ATP in their phosphorylation steps prior to catabolism.

Quiz 11: Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation

Most chemolithotrophs have electron transport chains that terminate with O₂ as the final electron acceptor.

Complete catabolism of lactose requires

Many chemolithotrophs are able to produce more ATP from oxidation of their inorganic energy source than chemoheterotrophs produce from the aerobic oxidation of glucose.

A _ hydrolyzes a protein into its constituent amino acid monomers and a ___enzyme removes amino groups from the amino acids.

__ is an aerobic chemolithotrophic process that ultimately oxidizes ammonia to nitrate,whereas is a form of anaerobic respiration involving the oxidation of an organic compound using an oxidized nitrogenous compound,such as nitrate,as the terminal electron acceptor.

Chemolithotrophs generally derive ATP from oxidation of inorganic substrates because the reduction potentials of those substrates are much more than the reduction potential of organic substrates.

The substances that donate electrons to the electron transport chains of chemolithotrophs are ___________.

How does a fermenter generate proton motive force (PMF) to drive active transport?

The TCA cycle is located in the __ of bacteria,and in the _ of eukaryotes.

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b as well as the accessory pigments are arranged in an antenna array with a reaction center chlorophyll.These antenna arrays with the reaction center chlorophyll are known as

The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.

The amount of ATP produced during anaerobic respiration is _ that produced during aerobic respiration,because the difference in the standard reduction potential between NADH and the final electron acceptor is _____.

All forms of phototropy "harvest" light energy to fix carbon,producing sugar.

How is ATP produced during fermentation?

Consider the metabolism of a chlorophyll-based phototroph.In oxidative phosphorylation during cell respiration,the source of energy is __ whereas in photophosphorylation the source of energy is .

What enzymes hydrolyze proteins,releasing amino acids?

When nitrate is used as a final electron acceptor by bacteria growing in anoxic soils,the nitrogen is no longer available for the construction of precursor metabolites.This is referred to as

__ refers to the removal of an amino group from an amino acid.One mechanism for this removal is _,in which the amino group is transferred to an acceptor molecule.

How does the phosphorylation of galactose differ from the phosphorylation of glucose,mannose,and fructose prior to catabolism?

Quiz 11: Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation

Most chemolithotrophs have electron transport chains that terminate with O2 as the final electron acceptor.

Complete catabolism of lactose requires

Many chemolithotrophs are able to produce more ATP from oxidation of their inorganic energy source than chemoheterotrophs produce from the aerobic oxidation of glucose.

A _________ hydrolyzes a protein into its constituent amino acid monomers and a ___________enzyme removes amino groups from the amino acids.

____________ is an aerobic chemolithotrophic process that ultimately oxidizes ammonia to nitrate,whereas __________ is a form of anaerobic respiration involving the oxidation of an organic compound using an oxidized nitrogenous compound,such as nitrate,as the terminal electron acceptor.

Chemolithotrophs generally derive ________ ATP from oxidation of inorganic substrates because the reduction potentials of those substrates are much more ________ than the reduction potential of organic substrates.

The substances that donate electrons to the electron transport chains of chemolithotrophs are ___________.

How does a fermenter generate proton motive force (PMF) to drive active transport?

The TCA cycle is located in the ______________ of bacteria,and in the _____________ of eukaryotes.

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b as well as the accessory pigments are arranged in an antenna array with a reaction center chlorophyll.These antenna arrays with the reaction center chlorophyll are known as

The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.

The amount of ATP produced during anaerobic respiration is ___________ that produced during aerobic respiration,because the difference in the standard reduction potential between NADH and the final electron acceptor is _______________.

All forms of phototropy "harvest" light energy to fix carbon,producing sugar.

How is ATP produced during fermentation?

Consider the metabolism of a chlorophyll-based phototroph.In oxidative phosphorylation during cell respiration,the source of energy is ______________ whereas in photophosphorylation the source of energy is ____________.

What enzymes hydrolyze proteins,releasing amino acids?

When nitrate is used as a final electron acceptor by bacteria growing in anoxic soils,the nitrogen is no longer available for the construction of precursor metabolites.This is referred to as

______________ refers to the removal of an amino group from an amino acid.One mechanism for this removal is _____________,in which the amino group is transferred to an acceptor molecule.

How does the phosphorylation of galactose differ from the phosphorylation of glucose,mannose,and fructose prior to catabolism?

Most chemolithotrophs have electron transport chains that terminate with O₂ as the final electron acceptor.

A _ hydrolyzes a protein into its constituent amino acid monomers and a ___enzyme removes amino groups from the amino acids.

__ is an aerobic chemolithotrophic process that ultimately oxidizes ammonia to nitrate,whereas is a form of anaerobic respiration involving the oxidation of an organic compound using an oxidized nitrogenous compound,such as nitrate,as the terminal electron acceptor.

Chemolithotrophs generally derive ATP from oxidation of inorganic substrates because the reduction potentials of those substrates are much more than the reduction potential of organic substrates.

The TCA cycle is located in the __ of bacteria,and in the _ of eukaryotes.

The amount of ATP produced during anaerobic respiration is _ that produced during aerobic respiration,because the difference in the standard reduction potential between NADH and the final electron acceptor is _____.

Consider the metabolism of a chlorophyll-based phototroph.In oxidative phosphorylation during cell respiration,the source of energy is __ whereas in photophosphorylation the source of energy is .

__ refers to the removal of an amino group from an amino acid.One mechanism for this removal is _,in which the amino group is transferred to an acceptor molecule.