Affirmative action quotas are permissible only as a last resort in remedying long standing violations.

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According to the Supreme Court ruling in the case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), affirmative action quotas can only be used as a last resort in remedying long standing violations of discrimination. The Court ruled that race-based quotas are unconstitutional, but that universities and employers can take race into account as one factor among many in their admissions and hiring processes.

Affirmative Action Quotas Are Permissible Only as a Last Resort