Question 1

A(n) _____ involves a "comparison other" in the same company.
A) equity distress
B) emotional cue
C) cognitive distortion
D) internal comparison
E) external comparison

Accepted Answer

Internal comparison involves comparing oneself to others within the same organization, such as colleagues or coworkers. This can lead to issues such as feelings of inadequacy or competition, but may also provide motivation to improve one's own performance.

Question 2

In equity theory, the internal tension that is caused by an imbalance in the ratios is known as:
A) cognitive distortion.
B) expectancy.
C) equity distress.
D) goal commitment.
E) cognitive dissonance.

Accepted Answer

Equity theory posits that individuals compare their own input-output ratio to that of others in similar positions. When an individual perceives an imbalance in the ratio, it creates a feeling of discomfort or distress known as equity distress. This can manifest as a sense of unfairness or resentment towards the person who received better outcomes for similar inputs. Therefore, the internal tension caused by an imbalance in the ratios is known as equity distress.

Question 3

Equity has _____ effect on citizenship behavior and _____ effect on counterproductive behavior.
A) a strong positive; a strong negative
B) a moderate positive; a moderate negative
C) no; a moderate positive
D) a moderate negative; a strong negative
E) a strong negative; a moderate positive

Accepted Answer

Equity, which refers to the perceived fairness of distribution of resources and rewards in an organization, has been found to have a moderate positive effect on citizenship behavior (voluntary actions that benefit the organization) and a moderate negative effect on counterproductive behavior (actions that harm the organization). Employees who perceive that they are being treated fairly are more likely to engage in behaviors that benefit the organization, while those who perceive unfairness are more likely to engage in behaviors that harm the organization. Therefore, option B is the best choice.

Question 4

_____ captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions.
A) Meaningfulness
B) Self-determination
C) Competence
D) Impact
E) Integrity

Accepted Answer

Meaningfulness captures the personal relevance and significance of a work goal or purpose, and is often tied to an individual's values, passions, and sense of identity. Self-determination refers to having autonomy and choice in one's work, competence relates to one's skill and ability in performing tasks, impact relates to the effect of one's work on others or the larger organization, and integrity relates to honesty and ethics in one's work. While all of these factors can contribute to job satisfaction and motivation, A) Meaningfulness specifically addresses the personal connection and fulfillment that individuals derive from their work.

Question 5

GroundWork is a venture capital firm that helps in financing small businesses. New hires at the firm are given a project worth $50,000 to work on with minimum interference from the senior associates. The project has large scope for innovation and creation. What is management attempting to use as a motivator for the new hires?
A) Meaningfulness
B) Self-determination
C) Surface-level diversity
D) Expectancy
E) Outcome interdependence

Accepted Answer

Management is using self-determination as a motivator by giving new hires autonomy and the freedom to innovate and create with minimal interference.

Question 6

The efforts of Coach Anderson have made the Silver Hawks the best football team in Brooklyn. The team owners tell Coach Anderson that his efforts have vastly improved the team's performance and that they believe his continuing efforts will result in the Silver Hawks being ranked as the best team on the East Coast. Which psychological empowerment concept best describes the impact of the owners' comments on Coach Anderson's motivation?
A) Meaningfulness
B) Self-determination
C) Competence
D) Impact
E) Self-dignity

Accepted Answer

The concept of impact best describes the impact of the owners' comments on Coach Anderson's motivation. The owners' comments suggest that Coach Anderson's efforts are making a significant impact on the team's performance and have the potential to elevate the team's ranking. This recognition of impact can motivate Coach Anderson to continue to work hard and make a difference.

Question 7

Which of the following reflects the sense that a person's actions "make a difference," indicating that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose?
A) Impact
B) Meaningfulness
C) Self-determination
D) Competence
E) Integrity

Accepted Answer

Impact is the most fitting choice as it reflects the idea that a person's actions have a significant effect on a certain outcome or goal. This sense of impact can give a person a sense of progress and fulfillment towards a purpose.

Question 8

Allan and Danny have been working for Yummy Treats for about five years, at the same level of management and doing similar kinds of work. Allan has been focusing on setting specific and difficult goals for himself and believes that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance in his job. On the other hand, Danny compares himself to different managers, such as Jim who works for the competitor in a similar work position. He feels disheartened when he finds out that he is significantly underrewarded at Yummy Treats. From Danny's view in this situation, Allan is a(n):
A) empowerment evaluator.
B) internal comparison.
C) valence generator.
D) cognitive distorter.
E) external comparison.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Allan and Danny have been working for...

Question 9

Noticing his reduced performance at work, Dan enrolled himself for training sessions offered by the company and saw his productivity improve. This helped restore his balance of comparison ratios. Prior to enrolling in the training session, Dan was most likely experiencing:
A) overreward inequity.
B) self-efficacy.
C) cognitive distortion.
D) expectancy.
E) underreward inequity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Noticing his reduced performance at work, Dan...

Question 10

Comparison with others in the same organization doing substantially different jobs is called:
A) job equity.
B) occupational equity.
C) company equity.
D) age equity.
E) educational equity.

Accepted Answer

Company equity refers to comparing one's job with others in the same organization who are doing substantially different jobs.

Question 11

The energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose is known as:
A) self-efficacy.
B) goal commitment.
C) goal setting.
D) vicarious experience.
E) psychological empowerment.

Accepted Answer

The energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose is the definition of psychological empowerment. Psychological empowerment is characterized by four cognitions: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact. Overall, psychological empowerment refers to employees' beliefs that they have control and responsibility over their work and that their work has meaning and impact beyond just completing a task.

Question 12

Allan and Danny have been working for Yummy Treats for about five years, at the same level of management and doing similar kinds of work. Allan has been focusing on setting specific and difficult goals for himself and believes that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance in his job. On the other hand, Danny compares himself to different managers, such as Jim who works for the competitor in a similar work position. He feels disheartened when he finds out that he is significantly underrewarded at Yummy Treats. Allan's focus on concepts such as difficulty and specificity is a key aspect of:
A) equity theory.
B) extrinsic motivation.
C) goal setting.
D) expectancy.
E) psychological empowerment.

Accepted Answer

Allan's focus on setting specific and difficult goals is a characteristic of goal setting. Option A, equity theory, focuses on perceptions of fairness, which is not a relevant aspect in this scenario. Option B, extrinsic motivation, refers to external rewards, which are not mentioned in the scenario. Option D, expectancy theory, focuses on the belief that effort leads to performance and performance leads to outcomes, which is not the main focus of Allan's behavior. Option E, psychological empowerment, refers to an individual's perception of control and empowerment in their work, which is not relevant to the scenario.

Question 13

The dimensions of psychological empowerment include all of these except:
A) meaningfulness.
B) self-determination.
C) competence.
D) impact.
E) needs.

Accepted Answer

The dimensions of psychological empowerment, according to Spreitzer's theory, include meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, and impact. Needs are not considered a dimension of psychological empowerment in this theory.

Question 14

When someone from another company is referred to as the "comparison other," one is involved in a(n):
A) equity distress.
B) emotional cue.
C) cognitive distortion.
D) internal comparison.
E) external comparison.

Accepted Answer

Referring to someone from another company as the "comparison other" indicates an external comparison.

Question 15

Motivation has a _____ effect on job performance.
A) strong positive
B) moderate positive
C) weak positive
D) moderate negative
E) strong negative

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have shown that motivation has a strong positive effect on job performance. When an individual is motivated, they put more effort into their work, are more focused, and are more likely to achieve their goals. This can lead to increased productivity and overall better job performance.

Question 16

Larry is a commercial financial analyst but wants to become a commercial lender, so he engages in self-directed learning, seeks out feedback from his managers, and manages his own workload. Larry is attempting to build his own _____.
A) meaningfulness
B) valence
C) competence
D) impact
E) instrumentality

Accepted Answer

Larry is attempting to build his own competence, or skill level, in order to transition to his desired role as a commercial lender.

Question 17

Which of the following is(are) the motivating force(s) with the strongest performance effect?
A) Difficult goals
B) High levels of valence and instrumentality
C) Perceptions of equity
D) High levels of expectancy
E) Self-efficacy and competence

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is(are) the motivating...

Question 18

Karen is a senior manager at The American Bank. A good part of her workday is spent in meetings with clients, subordinates at the bank, prospective customers, and the auditors. Though Karen has such a busy schedule, she manages to find time for her equally important meetings with the PETA foundation. Karen's commitment to PETA can be classified under which of the following concepts of psychological empowerment?
A) Meaningfulness
B) Self-determination
C) Competence
D) Expectancy
E) Impact

Accepted Answer

Karen's commitment to PETA reflects the concept of meaningfulness, as it indicates that she finds personal significance and value in her involvement with the foundation.

Question 19

Allan and Danny have been working for Yummy Treats for about five years, at the same level of management and doing similar kinds of work. Allan has been focusing on setting specific and difficult goals for himself and believes that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance in his job. On the other hand, Danny compares himself to different managers, such as Jim who works for the competitor in a similar work position. He feels disheartened when he finds out that he is significantly underrewarded at Yummy Treats. From Danny's view in this situation, Jim is a(n):
A) empowerment evaluator.
B) valence generator.
C) cognitive distorter.
D) external comparison.
E) internal comparison.

Accepted Answer

Danny is comparing himself to an external source, in this case, Jim who works at a competitor company. Therefore, Danny is engaging in external comparison.

Question 20

In equity theory, rethinking your inputs to restore balance mentally without altering your behavior in any way is known as:
A) equity distress.
B) instrumentality.
C) cognitive distortion.
D) internal comparisons.
E) external comparisons.

Accepted Answer

Rethinking your inputs to restore balance mentally without altering your behavior in any way is known as cognitive distortion in the equity theory. It refers to the psychological process of changing perceptions or interpretations of inputs (such as effort, time, and skills) to maintain a sense of fairness or equity in relationships or exchange situations.

Quiz 6: Motivation

A(n) _____ involves a "comparison other" in the same company.

In equity theory, the internal tension that is caused by an imbalance in the ratios is known as:

Equity has _ effect on citizenship behavior and _ effect on counterproductive behavior.

_____ captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions.

Which of the following reflects the sense that a person's actions "make a difference," indicating that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose?

Noticing his reduced performance at work, Dan enrolled himself for training sessions offered by the company and saw his productivity improve. This helped restore his balance of comparison ratios. Prior to enrolling in the training session, Dan was most likely experiencing:

Comparison with others in the same organization doing substantially different jobs is called:

The energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose is known as:

The dimensions of psychological empowerment include all of these except:

When someone from another company is referred to as the "comparison other," one is involved in a(n) :

Motivation has a _____ effect on job performance.

Larry is a commercial financial analyst but wants to become a commercial lender, so he engages in self-directed learning, seeks out feedback from his managers, and manages his own workload. Larry is attempting to build his own _____.

Which of the following is(are) the motivating force(s) with the strongest performance effect?

In equity theory, rethinking your inputs to restore balance mentally without altering your behavior in any way is known as: