Question 1

_____ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

Accepted Answer

Developmental cascades refer to the interconnectedness between multiple aspects of development, including biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, as well as social contexts. Reciprocal socializations refers to the bidirectional influence between children and their environment, including family, peers, and culture. Secure attachments refer specifically to the development of a trusting and secure relationship between a child and caregiver. Scaffolding refers to the support provided by a more knowledgeable individual to help a learner achieve a task. While all of these concepts may be relevant to understanding the complexity of child development, only developmental cascades capture the idea that multiple developmental factors are interconnected and can influence one another over time.

Question 2

A recent study revealed that sensitive maternal responding was linked to:

Accepted Answer

The study revealed that sensitive maternal responding was linked to infant attachment security, indicating that infants who had responsive and attentive mothers were more likely to develop secure attachments with their caregivers. Insecure disorganized attachment (A) and insecure avoidant attachment (B) are both indicative of attachment challenges and are not positively linked to sensitive maternal responding. Poorly developed primary emotions (D) is not directly related to maternal responding but may be influenced by it in some cases.

Question 3

According to critics, the Strange Situation might not be able to capture important differences among infants because:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to critics, the Strange Situation might...

Question 4

Recent studies find that a disorganized attachment style developed in infancy only when infants had the short version of the serotonin transporter gene-5-HTTLPR. This gene-environment interaction only occurred when:

Accepted Answer

The question mentions that disorganized attachment only developed when mothers showed a low level of responsiveness toward their infants. This suggests that the gene-environment interaction occurred when the infant's environment was lacking in responsive caregiving. The other answer choices do not address this aspect of the environment.

Question 5

When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of When put on the floor to play,...

Question 6

Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be classified as _____.

Accepted Answer

Natalie's behavior of clinging anxiously to her caregiver and not exploring the playroom suggests that she is exhibiting characteristics of insecure resistance attachment. This is characterized by ambivalent behavior towards the caregiver, which is a result of inconsistent responsiveness from the caregiver.

Question 7

Blanca rarely holds her baby Joey and tends to respond to his needs in an angry, irritable fashion. It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n) _____ with his mother.

Accepted Answer

Blanca's lack of responsiveness and tendency towards irritability suggests a pattern of rejecting behavior, which is associated with the development of insecure avoidant attachment in infants.

Question 8

Tempest is in the Strange Situation and appears dazed, confused, and fearful. She would most likely be classified as _____.

Accepted Answer

The description of Tempest being dazed, confused, and fearful aligns with the behaviors often exhibited by infants classified as insecure-disorganized. This classification is characterized by a lack of a coherent strategy for dealing with stress and conflicting emotions, resulting in disorganized and unpredictable behaviors.

Question 9

Insecure avoidant babies show:

Accepted Answer

Insecure avoidant babies show a lack of attachment and avoid the caregiver. They may seem indifferent or ignore their caregiver when they return after a separation. They don't seek comfort from their caregiver and may appear to be self-reliant. They may also avoid the stranger, but this is not the defining characteristic of insecure avoidant attachment.

Question 10

The _____ model involves connections across domains over time that influences developmental pathways and outcomes.

Accepted Answer

The developmental cascade model recognizes that development is influenced by multiple domains (e.g., biological, cognitive, socioemotional) and that these domains are interconnected over time. It suggests that positive or negative influences in one domain can spread across domains and affect development in other domains, resulting in different developmental pathways and outcomes for individuals.

Question 11

According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n) _____ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations.

Accepted Answer

According to Mary Ainsworth's theory of attachment, infants who are insecurely attached avoid their mother or are ambivalent towards her, fear strangers, and are upset by minor, everyday separations.

Question 12

Which of the following babies would appear disoriented in the Strange Situation conducted by Mary Ainsworth?

Accepted Answer

Clara is classified as insecure disorganized, which is the most disoriented attachment pattern. Babies who fall under this category tend to exhibit confused and contradictory behaviors during the Strange Situation, making them appear disoriented. The other options - Tina, Henry, and Tobias - are all classified as insecure attachment, but their behavior patterns are better defined and would not necessarily appear disoriented during the Strange Situation.

Question 13

Parker is in the Strange Situation, he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as _____.

Accepted Answer

The behavior described indicates that Parker is exhibiting characteristics of insecure avoidant attachment, where he shows little interaction with his caregiver, displays little distress upon separation, and does not seek reconnection upon reunion.

Question 14

Jerome Kagan and other developmentalists stress that _____ play(s) more important roles in a child's social competence than the attachment theorists, such as Bowlby and Ainsworth, are willing to acknowledge.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jerome Kagan and other developmentalists stress that...

Question 15

In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, clung to his mother when she was in the room, and was very upset when she left the room. When she returned, he appeared to be ambivalent-both wanting to be comforted by his mother, but pushing her away when she attempted to do so. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as:

Accepted Answer

Cameron's behavior of clinging to his mother and being upset when she left the room indicates that he is not securely attached. His ambivalent behavior upon her return, both seeking comfort but rejecting it when offered, points towards an insecure resistant attachment style.

Question 16

Carrie is a 19-year-old single mother. She often feels overwhelmed and depressed about her situation and frequently neglects her 8-month-old son and his needs. On several occasions, she has slapped his hand when he reaches for her cell phone. Carrie's baby is MOST likely to develop a(n) _____ with her.

Accepted Answer

Carrie's lack of responsiveness and inconsistent behavior towards her baby, as evidenced through neglect and physical discipline, is likely to result in an insecure disorganized attachment. This type of attachment is marked by confusion, fear, and conflicting behaviors in the child, which can manifest in behaviors like clinging to the caregiver, avoiding them, or acting out.

Question 17

Austin is in the Strange Situation and shows strong patterns of avoidance and resistance. He also displays extreme fearfulness around the caregiver. He would be classified as _____.

Accepted Answer

Austin's behavior of both avoidance and resistance, as well as extreme fear, is indicative of an insecure disorganized attachment style. This is the least adaptive and most atypical attachment style.

Question 18

Jeremy is a securely attached infant; Jason is classified as an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Securely attached infants like Jeremy are more likely to develop high self-confidence and better social skills, while insecurely attached infants like Jason may face challenges in these areas.

Question 19

In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as:

Accepted Answer

Latoya's behavior of ignoring her mother, not being upset when she left the room, and not seeking her out upon her return is indicative of an insecure avoidant attachment style. Children with this attachment style display a lack of interest or emotion towards their caregiver, and they may actively avoid contact with them.

Question 20

A criticism of _____ theory is that it ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant's world.

Accepted Answer

Attachment theory emphasizes the importance of the infant's attachment relationship with their primary caregiver, but it may overlook other important socializing agents, such as siblings, extended family members, and child care providers. Additionally, the theory may not fully account for the impact of cultural or environmental differences in socialization practices.

Quiz 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy