Question 1

Mark and a Jacob are driving home on a college break.Mark is in the passenger seat.Bored,Mark gazes into the middle of an empty field.He notices that distant hilltops seem to move slowly in the same direction in which their car is moving; by contrast,mile markers on the side of the highway seem to whiz past them in the opposite direction.The difference in the apparent speed and direction of objects' motion serves as a depth cue termed motion:
A)disparity.
B)parallax.
C)perspective.
D)gradient.

Accepted Answer

The depth cue described in the scenario is called motion parallax, which is the apparent movement of objects at different distances as an observer moves. The distant hilltops move more slowly, while the mile markers move quickly in the opposite direction, creating a sense of depth perception. None of the other options (disparity, perspective, gradient) accurately describe the depth cue being used in this scenario.

Question 2

Which of the following is a monocular cue?
A)Motion parallax
B)Convergence
C)Shadow stereopsis
D)Retinal disparity

Accepted Answer

Motion parallax is a monocular cue that refers to the difference in the speed and direction of movement of objects in the visual field. It helps perceive depth and distance by providing a sense of relative motion, and it can be perceived with only one eye. Convergence, shadow stereopsis, and retinal disparity are binocular cues that require both eyes to perceive depth and distance.

Question 3

From the window of an office on a skyscraper's 90th floor,taxis on the street look tiny.Of course,you know they are not toy cars; you are just really far up.This example illustrates the _____ cue of _____.
A)monocular; relative size
B)binocular; relative size
C)monocular; texture gradient
D)binocular; texture gradient

Accepted Answer

The example mentions only one eye's view from a high vantage point, indicating the use of monocular vision. The cue of relative size is also mentioned, as the taxis appear smaller due to their distance from the viewer.

Question 4

The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance is known as _____.
A)multistable perception
B)depth perception
C)haptic perception
D)direct perception

Accepted Answer

Depth perception is the ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance. Multistable perception refers to the phenomenon where an ambiguous stimulus can be perceived in multiple ways. Haptic perception involves the use of touch to perceive the environment, and direct perception refers to the idea that perception is an automatic and direct process that is not mediated by cognitive processes.

Question 5

_____ is a condition in which exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one.
A)Synesthesia
B)Polythesia
C)Multithesia
D)Hyperthesia

Accepted Answer

Synesthesia is the condition in which exposure to one sensation, such as hearing a sound, can evoke an additional sensation, such as seeing a color. Polythesia, Multithesia, and Hyperthesia are not recognized terms for this phenomenon.

Question 6

Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge,experience,expectations,and motivations is known as _____.
A)horizontal processing
B)bottom-up processing
C)top-down processing
D)diagonal processing

Accepted Answer

Top-down processing involves using higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations to interpret incoming sensory information. It involves the use of prior knowledge to make inferences and create expectations about the environment. Horizontal processing and diagonal processing are not well-established concepts in perception, and bottom-up processing involves processing sensory information starting with basic features and building up to more complex perceptions.

Question 7

The difference in the images seen by the left eye and the right eye is known as _____.
A)fixation disparity
B)stereopsis
C)retinal slip
D)binocular disparity

Accepted Answer

The difference in the images seen by the left eye and the right eye is known as binocular disparity. This disparity is the primary cue for depth perception and 3D vision, as it enables the brain to calculate the relative distance of objects in the visual scene. Fixation disparity, retinal slip, and stereopsis are all related concepts, but they refer to different aspects of binocular vision. Fixation disparity refers to the misalignment of the eyes while fixating on a target, retinal slip refers to the motion of retinal images during eye movements, and stereopsis refers to the perception of depth based on disparities between two retinal images.

Question 8

_____ is the change in position of an object on the retina caused by movement of your body relative to the object.
A)Shadow stereopsis
B)Convergence
C)Motion parallax
D)Retinal disparity

Accepted Answer

Motion parallax refers to the perceived shift in position of an object on the retina as a result of the movement of the observer relative to the object. This effect is commonly used in video games and virtual reality to create a sense of depth and immersion. Shadow stereopsis refers to the perception of depth based on the differences in shadow patterns cast by objects in a scene. Convergence refers to the inward movement of the eyes to maintain binocular vision, while retinal disparity refers to the slight differences between the images received by each eye, which also contribute to depth perception. None of these options fully capture the concept of change in position of an object on the retina due to movement of the body relative to the object.

Question 9

Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the relationship between top-down and bottom-up processing?
A)Some stimuli are processed in a bottom-up fashion,while others are processed in a top-down manner.
B)The contribution to perception of top-down processes is much smaller than researchers originally supposed.
C)Top-down processing permits us to process the fundamental characteristics of stimuli.
D)Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously in the perception of the world around us.

Accepted Answer

Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously in the perception of the world around us. Top-down processing uses our prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information, while bottom-up processing focuses on the actual sensory input and builds up to higher-level understanding. Both processes work together to create our overall perception of the world around us.

Question 10

You are standing on the beach; the sea is choppy.You observe that the crests of distant waves appear less distinct than the crests of waves nearer the beach.This example illustrates a monocular cue known as:
A)linear perspective.
B)relative size.
C)texture gradient.
D)binocular disparity.

Accepted Answer

The monocular cue being described here is the texture gradient. Texture gradient is a monocular cue that refers to the way that texture appears to change as objects get further away. In this case, the texture of the waves appears to become less distinct as the waves move further away from the beach, which is what the observer is perceiving. Linear perspective refers to the way that parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance, relative size is the perception of the size of an object in relation to other objects around it, and binocular disparity is a binocular cue that refers to the differences in the images that are seen by the left and right eyes, which the example above does not involve.

Question 11

Consider the figure within parentheses: (XX XX XX).That we perceive three pairs of Xs reflects the Gestalt principle(s)of:
A)symmetry.
B)proximity.
C)closure.
D)chromaticity.

Accepted Answer

The pairs of Xs are grouped together based on their proximity to each other, which follows the Gestalt principle of proximity.

Question 12

_____ is series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
A)Gestalt laws of organization
B)Taylor's principles of scientific management
C)The neoclassical perspective
D)The bureaucratic theory

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt laws of organization describe how individuals perceive and organize stimuli into meaningful patterns and wholes. It includes principles like proximity, similarity, closure, and continuity.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to the role of Gestalt psychology in contemporary psychology?
A)The Gestalt influence has diminished over the years and is barely evident today.
B)Gestaltists remain a major force in the psychology of perception.
C)Gestalt psychology no longer plays a prominent role,but the Gestaltists' focus on the organization of perceptual elements remains influential.
D)Gestalt psychology is no longer a major school of thought,but the Gestaltists' focus on bottom-up processing elements remains influential.

Accepted Answer

Although Gestalt psychology is no longer prominent, the focus on the organization of perceptual elements remains influential in contemporary psychology. Many concepts derived from Gestalt psychology are still regularly used in perception research today.

Question 14

How does light therapy work?
A)It passes an electric current through the part of the body that is affected by pain.
B)It stimulates nerve cells in the brain to provide direct pain relief.
C)It stimulates the production of healing enzymes.
D)It encourages the development of different thought patterns and beliefs.

Accepted Answer

Light therapy works by stimulating the production of healing enzymes. This process is believed to accelerate the body's natural healing mechanisms, aiding in the recovery of the treated area.

Question 15

You are sitting in a stationary train at a busy station.Suddenly,you feel like you are slowly sliding backward as the train next to you begins to pull out.This illusion reflects the operation of the _____ cue of _____.
A)monocular; motion parallax
B)binocular; motion parallax
C)monocular; linear perspective
D)binocular; binocular disparity

Accepted Answer

This illusion is caused by a monocular cue called motion parallax, which involves the perception of nearby objects moving faster than faraway objects. As the train next to you moves away, the nearby objects seem to move faster than the objects in the distance, giving the illusion that your own train is sliding backward.

Question 16

In a general sense,the overriding Gestalt principle of perceptual organization is:
A)complexity.
B)simplicity.
C)symmetry.
D)similarity.

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt principle of perceptual organization states that the brain tends to organize elements into the simplest possible form. This means that the brain tends to group together similar objects, shapes, or colors to form a single entity, in order to simplify the visual information that it receives. This principle of simplicity is the overriding principle of Gestalt psychology, and it guides the way we perceive and interpret the world around us.

Question 17

Which of the following Gestalt laws is correctly defined?
A)Similarity-the tendency to fill in small gaps in objects
B)Simplicity-stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together
C)Proximity-stimuli closer to one another tend to be grouped together
D)Closure-stimuli are perceived in the most basic manner possible

Accepted Answer

Proximity is the Gestalt law that states that stimuli that are close to one another tend to be grouped together. For example, dots that are close to one another are perceived as a single line rather than individual dots.

Answer: B
 Similarity is the Gestalt law that states that stimuli that are similar in shape, color, or texture tend to be grouped together. For instance, people wearing the same colored shirt in a group will be seen as belonging together.

Answer: D
 Closure is the Gestalt law that states that people tend to see incomplete or partial objects as complete ones by mentally filling in the missing details. For example, when seeing "CLO__" people will most likely read it as "CLOTH" because they fill in the missing letter "T".

Question 18

Artie organizes the binders in his office by color.This color-coding exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:
A)proximity.
B)similarity.
C)chromaticity.
D)closure.

Accepted Answer

The color-coding of the binders exemplifies the Gestalt principle of similarity, as Artie is grouping objects together based on their common color. Proximity refers to objects that are close together, chromaticity refers to color saturation and brightness, and closure refers to the tendency to complete incomplete figures to make a complete whole.

Question 19

Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole is known as _____.
A)horizontal processing
B)bottom-up processing
C)top-down processing
D)diagonal processing

Accepted Answer

Bottom-up processing refers to the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and then putting them together to perceive the whole.

Question 20

Which of the following alternatives is most accurate?
A)Synesthesia is rare.Exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one in most people with synesthesiA.
B)Synesthesia is rare.Exposure to sound does not evoke different hues in most people with synesthesia.
C)Synesthesia is common.Senses work independently in most people with synesthesia.
D)Synesthesia is common.Perception is multimodal in most people with synesthesia.

Accepted Answer

Synesthesia is a rare phenomenon where exposure to one sensory modality (e.g. sound) leads to the involuntary experience of a second sensory modality (e.g. color). This additional sensory experience is consistent across individuals with synesthesia, indicating that it is not random or idiosyncratic. Therefore, option A is the most accurate alternative as it correctly describes the nature of synesthesia. Option B is incorrect as synesthetes do experience different hues in response to sound. Option C is incorrect as synesthesia is not characterized by independent sensory functioning. Option D is partially correct, as synesthesia does involve the integration of multiple sensory modalities, but it is not accurate to say that perception is multimodal in most people with synesthesia as this statement implies that all individuals with synesthesia experience multiple sensory modalities, which is not the case.

Quiz 4: Sensation and Perception

Which of the following is a monocular cue?

From the window of an office on a skyscraper's 90th floor,taxis on the street look tiny.Of course,you know they are not toy cars; you are just really far up.This example illustrates the _ cue of _.

The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance is known as _____.

_____ is a condition in which exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one.

Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge,experience,expectations,and motivations is known as _____.

The difference in the images seen by the left eye and the right eye is known as _____.

_____ is the change in position of an object on the retina caused by movement of your body relative to the object.

Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the relationship between top-down and bottom-up processing?

You are standing on the beach; the sea is choppy.You observe that the crests of distant waves appear less distinct than the crests of waves nearer the beach.This example illustrates a monocular cue known as:

Consider the figure within parentheses: (XX XX XX) .That we perceive three pairs of Xs reflects the Gestalt principle(s) of:

_____ is series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to the role of Gestalt psychology in contemporary psychology?

How does light therapy work?

You are sitting in a stationary train at a busy station.Suddenly,you feel like you are slowly sliding backward as the train next to you begins to pull out.This illusion reflects the operation of the _ cue of _.

In a general sense,the overriding Gestalt principle of perceptual organization is:

Which of the following Gestalt laws is correctly defined?

Artie organizes the binders in his office by color.This color-coding exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:

Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole is known as _____.

Which of the following alternatives is most accurate?