Question 1

The Gestalt psychologists made substantial contribution to our understanding of:
A)memory.
B)perception.
C)emotion.
D)motivation.

Accepted Answer

The Gestalt psychologists focused on how people perceive and organize sensory information, emphasizing on the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. They explored principles such as figure-ground relationship, similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity, which are still widely used in the field of perception today.

Question 2

Noreen asserts that our behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control.This viewpoint is most consistent with the _____ perspective in psychology.
A)psychodynamic
B)humanistic
C)cognitive
D)neuroscience

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective in psychology emphasizes the role of inner forces and conflicts, often stemming from early childhood experiences or unconscious thoughts, in shaping behavior. This is in line with Noreen's assertion that our behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts of which we have little awareness or control.

Question 3

Contributions of the psychodynamic perspective include all of the following EXCEPT:
A)a way to understand and treat certain types of psychological disorders.
B)a way to understand such phenomena as prejudice and aggression.
C)a revolutionary effect on 20th-century thinking not only in psychology but in related fields as well.
D)a way to look at behavior in a more concrete,objective fashion.

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective focuses on unconscious thoughts and emotions, which are not directly observable, and does not offer a purely concrete or objective viewpoint on behavior.

Question 4

Donna-Lynn is preparing a visual display of psychology's early history.One panel is headed "The Gay '90s." It portrays developments in the 1890s.Another panel is titled "The Roaring '20s." It is devoted to the 1920s.Which theoretical perspectives in psychology should appear in each of these panels?
A)Gay '90s: functionalism; Roaring '20s: Gestalt psychology
B)Gay '90s: behaviorism; Roaring '20s: structuralism
C)Gay '90s: functionalism; Roaring '20s: behaviorism
D)Gay '90s: Gestalt psychology; Roaring '20s: structuralism

Accepted Answer

Functionalism emerged in the late 19th century, making it relevant for the "Gay '90s" panel. Gestalt psychology, which focuses on how people integrate and perceive visual information as whole shapes or forms, began in the early 20th century, fitting the "Roaring '20s" panel.

Question 5

The neuroscience perspective:
A)suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow,develop,and be in control of their lives and behavior.
B)focuses on how people think,understand,and know about the world.
C)considers how people and nonhumans function biologically.
D)argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control.

Accepted Answer

The neuroscience perspective focuses on how people and nonhumans function biologically, studying the brain and nervous system's behavior and its relationship to psychological processes. It considers how biological processes affect human and organism behavior. None of the other options best describe this perspective.

Question 6

To many people who have never taken a psychology course,psychology begins and ends with the _____ perspective.
A)neuroscience
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)psychodynamic

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic perspective, which focuses on the unconscious and the role of childhood experiences, has gained widespread recognition and popularity outside of academic psychology through its influence in popular culture and media. Therefore, many individuals who have never taken a psychology course may be familiar with the basic principles of this perspective but may not be as familiar with other perspectives such as neuroscience, behavioral or cognitive.

Question 7

Which of the following was a disadvantage of introspection?
A)Introspection was a complicated process.
B)Introspection was time consuming.
C)Introspection was too simplistiC.
D)Introspection was not truly scientific.

Accepted Answer

Introspection was criticized for not being truly scientific because it relied on subjective reports of individuals and did not have objective measures or methods for testing the results.

Question 8

Which perspective below is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
A)Structuralism: emphasized what the mind does
B)Functionalism: emphasized the elements of mental experience
C)Humanism: emphasized the unconscious determinants of behavior
D)Gestalt psychology: emphasized the organization of perception

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychology indeed focuses on the organization of perception and how we experience things as whole patterns rather than as separate parts, which is accurately described in option D. Structuralism, mentioned in option A, actually emphasized the elements of mental experience rather than what the mind does. Functionalism, in option B, was more about the purpose of mental processes rather than the elements of those processes. Humanism, stated in option C, emphasized human potential and self-actualization, not the unconscious determinants of behavior, which is more closely associated with psychoanalysis.

Question 9

Which perspective most immediately replaced structuralism in the early days of scientific psychology?
A)Behaviorism
B)Humanism
C)Functionalism
D)Gestalt psychology

Accepted Answer

Functionalism emerged as the dominant perspective in the early days of scientific psychology, succeeding structuralism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Functionalists were interested in studying the purpose and function of behavior, rather than breaking it down into individual elements as structuralists did. Behaviorism replaced functionalism as the dominant perspective in the mid-20th century.

Question 10

A time travel mishap lands you at one of the first psychology conferences ever held,sometime at the dawn of the 20th century.The graying older scientists slowly losing their grip on the field are most likely _____,whereas the passionate young up-and-comers are probably _____.
A)structuralists; functionalists
B)functionalists; developmentalists
C)humanists; structuralists
D)humanists; functionalists

Accepted Answer

The first psychology conference was the International Congress of Psychology in 1889, where the two dominant schools of thought were structuralism and functionalism. Structuralists, such as Wilhelm Wundt, were focused on the study of the basic elements of consciousness, while functionalists, like William James, were more interested in understanding the purpose or function of mental processes. The graying older scientists losing their grip on the field would be the structuralists, as functionalism eventually became the more dominant approach in psychology. The passionate young up-and-comers would be the functionalists, as they were challenging the established structuralist ideas.

Question 11

Which of the following figures best approximates the number of major perspectives in psychology?
A)One or two
B)About five
C)A dozen or so
D)As many as there are psychologists

Accepted Answer

While there is no consensus on the exact number of major perspectives in psychology, most researchers agree that there are about five main approaches. These include the biological approach, which focuses on the role of genetics and physiology in behavior; the cognitive approach, which emphasizes the importance of mental processes like perception and reasoning; the psychodynamic approach, which looks at the role of unconscious thoughts and feelings; the behavioral approach, which focuses on observable actions; and the humanistic approach, which emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.

Question 12

In the context of the psychology of emotion,William James and John Dewey would be most interested in:
A)the contribution of unconscious memories to one's emotional experience.
B)the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience.
C)how behavior aids one's adaptation to the environment.
D)the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense.

Accepted Answer

William James and John Dewey were interested in how behavior and experience contribute to one's adaptation and interaction with the environment. They were more focused on the functional aspect of emotions rather than their introspective nature or the role of unconscious memories. Therefore, option C is the correct choice.

Question 13

The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain,the nervous system,and other biological functions is known as the _____ perspective.
A)psychodynamic
B)nature-nurture
C)cognitive
D)neuroscience

Accepted Answer

The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions is known as the neuroscience perspective. Choice A (psychodynamic) focuses on unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences. Choice B (nature-nurture) focuses on how genes and environment interact to influence behavior. Choice C (cognitive) focuses on mental processes such as thinking and problem-solving.

Question 14

Which of the following approaches to psychology might have been most likely to remind the audience that "the whole is different than the sum of the parts"?
A)Phrenology
B)Functionalism
C)Structuralism
D)Gestalt psychology

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychology emphasizes that our perception and understanding of a whole object is different than simply combining the individual parts that make it up. This is known as the principle of "Gestalt" or "whole form."

Question 15

Which contemporary perspective is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
A)Psychodynamic perspective: emphasizes the automatic response of an individual to environmental stimuli
B)Humanistic perspective: emphasizes how people know,understand,and think about the world
C)Behavioral perspective: emphasizes observable behavior and objectivity
D)Neuroscience perspective: emphasizes that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control

Accepted Answer

The behavioral perspective is correctly matched with the description of emphasizing observable behavior and objectivity. The psychodynamic perspective (A) emphasizes inner forces and conflicts, the humanistic perspective (B) emphasizes how individuals perceive and think about the world, and the neuroscience perspective (D) emphasizes the role of the brain and nervous system in behavior.

Question 16

Which of the following psychologists is associated with functionalism?
A)William James
B)Max Wertheimer
C)Hermann Ebbinghaus
D)Wilhelm Wundt

Accepted Answer

William James is commonly associated with the theory of functionalism in psychology.

Question 17

Penny is a recovering drug addict.Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of her environment-"people,places,and things"-on her use of her drug of choice.Her program reflects the _____ perspective in psychology.
A)psychodynamic
B)behavioral
C)cognitive
D)neuroscience

Accepted Answer

The emphasis on the influence of environment on behavior aligns with the behavioral perspective in psychology. This perspective focuses on the role of external factors in shaping behavior, including reinforcement, punishment, and environmental factors.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the structuralist perspective of psychology?
A)The structuralist perspective was supplanted by other views.
B)The structuralist perspective triumphed over alternative ones.
C)The structuralist perspective continues to coexist with other views in psychology.
D)The structuralist perspective has waned somewhat,but it still remains influential today.

Accepted Answer

The structuralist perspective of psychology was replaced by other views such as functionalism, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis. While it still remains influential in some areas, it is no longer the dominant perspective in psychology.

Question 19

Gestalt psychology may be seen as a reaction to _____.
A)the psychodynamic perspective
B)humanism
C)functionalism
D)structuralism

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychology was a reaction to the reductionist approach of structuralism, which attempted to understand the whole by breaking it down into its component parts. Gestalt psychologists believed that perception and experience could not be fully understood by studying their individual parts and must be viewed as a whole.

Question 20

_____ is an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.
A)Structuralism
B)Functionalism
C)Introspection
D)Gestalt psychology

Accepted Answer

Functionalism is the early approach to psychology that emphasized studying the function of behavior and mental processes in adapting to the environment. Structuralism, on the other hand, focused on analyzing consciousness into its basic elements. Introspection is a method used in early psychology to examine one's own thoughts and feelings. Gestalt psychology focused on the perception of patterns and wholes rather than individual parts.

Quiz 1: Introduction to Psychology

The Gestalt psychologists made substantial contribution to our understanding of:

Noreen asserts that our behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control.This viewpoint is most consistent with the _____ perspective in psychology.

Contributions of the psychodynamic perspective include all of the following EXCEPT:

Donna-Lynn is preparing a visual display of psychology's early history.One panel is headed "The Gay '90s." It portrays developments in the 1890s.Another panel is titled "The Roaring '20s." It is devoted to the 1920s.Which theoretical perspectives in psychology should appear in each of these panels?

The neuroscience perspective:

To many people who have never taken a psychology course,psychology begins and ends with the _____ perspective.

Which of the following was a disadvantage of introspection?

Which perspective below is CORRECTLY matched with its description?

Which perspective most immediately replaced structuralism in the early days of scientific psychology?

A time travel mishap lands you at one of the first psychology conferences ever held,sometime at the dawn of the 20th century.The graying older scientists slowly losing their grip on the field are most likely _,whereas the passionate young up-and-comers are probably _.

Which of the following figures best approximates the number of major perspectives in psychology?

In the context of the psychology of emotion,William James and John Dewey would be most interested in:

The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain,the nervous system,and other biological functions is known as the _____ perspective.

Which of the following approaches to psychology might have been most likely to remind the audience that "the whole is different than the sum of the parts"?

Which contemporary perspective is CORRECTLY matched with its description?

Which of the following psychologists is associated with functionalism?

Penny is a recovering drug addict.Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of her environment-"people,places,and things"-on her use of her drug of choice.Her program reflects the _____ perspective in psychology.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the structuralist perspective of psychology?

Gestalt psychology may be seen as a reaction to _____.

_____ is an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.