Question 1

When you go to the supermarket,you see the brand of cookies you usually buy,and settle for it.Usually it's a good rule of thumb,because it saves a lot of time.You do not ponder over every type of cookie available in the store.This is an example of a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

The situation described is an example of using familiarity as a heuristic, in which an individual relies on their previous experience with a product and chooses it based on familiarity rather than deliberating over all the options available.

Question 2

Last week,Mike heard about five separate airplane crashes on the news.Even though,overall,motorcycle accidents account for more accidents than plane crashes do,Mike decides to ride his motorcycle from Washington to Atlanta instead of flying.Which bias is reflected in Mike's decision?

Accepted Answer

Mike is using the availability heuristic, which is a mental shortcut where people make judgments based on how easily they can bring something to mind. In this case, because he heard about multiple airplane crashes, they are more easily accessible in his mind and he is more likely to overestimate the risk of flying compared to driving his motorcycle.

Question 3

Joanne will not go out at night because she hears from her local news station about the large number of muggings and robberies that occur in her city.However,crime in Joanne's city has actually gone down in the past few years.To which bias is Joanne falling victim?

Accepted Answer

Joanne is relying on the availability heuristic, where she is making a judgment based on the information that is most easily available (in this case, news stories about crime) rather than the actual statistics of crime in her city.

Question 4

Following the September 11,2001,Twin Towers attacks,many Americans elected to drive rather than fly.The media coverage of the hijackings caused Americans to overestimate the danger of flying.As it was an event they remember easily they assumed it could occur more frequently.This example illustrates the:

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic refers to the tendency to judge the likelihood or frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind. In this scenario, the vivid media coverage of the Twin Towers attacks made driving seem like a safer option than flying, leading people to overestimate the danger of air travel.

Question 5

According to the _____ heuristic we assume that events we remember easily are likely to have occurred more frequently in the past-and are more likely to occur in the future-than events that are harder to remember.

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is used when we make judgments based on how easily relevant examples come to mind. We tend to assume that events that are more easily remembered are more likely to happen again in the future. Therefore, the answer is A.

Question 6

"You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend.Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her boyfriend wouldn't tell her what was bothering him.Iris is using the _____ heuristic.

Accepted Answer

Iris is using the availability heuristic, which involves making a judgment based on how easily examples come to mind. She remembers instances when her boyfriend wouldn't share his feelings, leading her to conclude that this behavior is frequent.

Question 7

In a _____ heuristic,known items are seen as superior to those that are unknown.

Accepted Answer

The familiarity heuristic is based on the idea that people tend to prefer familiar things over unfamiliar ones, assuming that the known item is superior to the unknown.

Question 8

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of the three broad phases of the problem-solving process,from first to last?

Accepted Answer

The problem-solving process typically involves three broad phases - preparation, production, and judgment. The first phase involves gathering information and analyzing the problem, the second phase involves generating and evaluating possible solutions, and the third phase involves making a judgment and selecting a solution. The sequence that best reflects this order is preparation → production → judgment, which is option C.

Question 9

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth-grader's arithmetic text.This is a(n)_____ problem.It is best solved through the application of _____.

Accepted Answer

This is a well-defined problem because it has a clear and specific question with a definite answer. It can be solved through the application of algorithms, which are a set of defined steps to complete a task. In this case, the algorithm for converting a fraction to a mixed numeral involves dividing the numerator by the denominator and expressing the remainder as a fraction with the same denominator.

Question 10

Carl is the one person Craig has ever met from New Zealand.Carl strikes Craig as being quite friendly and funny.When asked what he would expect to find if he went to New Zealand,Craig says that he would expect the people to be quite friendly and funny.What might he have used to make this judgment?

Accepted Answer

Craig used the representativeness heuristic to make his judgment. He formed an expectation based on his experience with one person from New Zealand and extended it to the whole population of the country, assuming they all share similar qualities.

Question 11

The _____ is a rule we apply when we judge people by the degree to which they depict a certain category or group of people.

Accepted Answer

The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut that refers to the tendency to judge the likelihood of an event occurring based on how closely it resembles our existing mental prototype or stereotype of that category or group of people. For example, if someone is dressed in a suit and tie, they may be immediately judged as a successful businessperson without knowing any further information. This can lead to stereotypic bias, which is the tendency to overgeneralize and make assumptions about individuals based on their category or group membership. However, the availability heuristic (A) refers to the tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind, while confirmation bias (C) is the tendency to favor information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that contradicts them.

Question 12

In _____ problems,the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear;in _____ problems,either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear.

Accepted Answer

Well-defined problems are those where the problem and information needed to solve it are clear and unambiguous, while ill-defined problems are those in which the nature of the problem and information needed to solve it are unclear, undefined or ambiguous. The other options relate to different types of problem-solving approaches or categorizations of problems.

Question 13

Suppose you meet a woman who opposes the death penalty.You then decide that,generally,women are more likely to oppose the death penalty than are men.That is,you assume that the individual case is depictive of its category.Here you have fallen prey to:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the representativeness heuristic, where the assumption is made that the individual case (i.e., the woman opposing the death penalty) is representative of the category (i.e., women in general). This is based on stereotypes or generalizations about the category rather than considering other relevant information or individual differences.

Question 14

When people are asked which is more common,death by homicide or death by stroke,they often choose homicide because they simply hear more about murders than they do about strokes.In this instance,people are led astray in their judgments by:

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is at play here, as people are basing their judgment on the ease with which examples of homicides and strokes come to mind. Since homicides are often sensationalized in the media, they are more readily available in people's minds, leading to the incorrect judgment.

Question 15

When you use the representativeness heuristic,you are:

Accepted Answer

The representativeness heuristic involves making assumptions about something based on how typical it is of its class. For example, assuming that a person who wears glasses and reads a lot must be a professor, even though this may not be statistically representative of all professors. It is not about frequency estimates, mental sets, or mistaking mental representations for reality.

Question 16

_____ intelligence is the field that examines how to use technology to imitate the outcome of human thinking,problem solving,and creative activities.

Accepted Answer

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of study that deals with creating machines that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. It involves programming computer systems to mimic cognitive functions like learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

Question 17

Dr.Ireland's class is attempting to find derivatives;Dr.Jamison's class is developing campaign strategies for a local politician.Which of the following statements is MOST likely TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Finding derivatives is a well-defined problem with established methods and solutions. Developing campaign strategies for a politician may involve more subjective and open-ended decision-making, making it less well-defined. There is no mention of syllogistic reasoning or the familiarity heuristic in the given context, so options C and D can be eliminated.

Question 18

Which of the following is an ill-defined problem?

Accepted Answer

Composing a good concerto is an ill-defined problem because there is no clear and objective criteria for what makes a good concerto. It involves subjective judgments and creative decisions, and there is no single correct solution. The other options are well-defined problems with clear goals and criteria for success.

Question 19

The _____ heuristic involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory.

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic involves making judgments based on how easily we can bring to mind similar examples or instances. We use this mental shortcut when we try to estimate the likelihood of an event based on how easily we can remember or think of relevant examples.

Question 20

Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket.They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans is the better buy.Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each _____ contains.Monica suggests that "the larger size is usually a better buy".Lori is using a(n);Monica,a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

Lori is using an algorithm, which is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, while Monica is using a heuristic, which is a mental shortcut or rule of thumb. However, Monica's heuristic may not always be true, as sometimes a smaller can may have a better price per ounce of coffee, depending on sales or promotions. Therefore, Lori's approach with the algorithm is more reliable in finding the better buy.

Quiz 7: Memory

When you go to the supermarket,you see the brand of cookies you usually buy,and settle for it.Usually it's a good rule of thumb,because it saves a lot of time.You do not ponder over every type of cookie available in the store.This is an example of a(n) _____.

Last week,Mike heard about five separate airplane crashes on the news.Even though,overall,motorcycle accidents account for more accidents than plane crashes do,Mike decides to ride his motorcycle from Washington to Atlanta instead of flying.Which bias is reflected in Mike's decision?

Joanne will not go out at night because she hears from her local news station about the large number of muggings and robberies that occur in her city.However,crime in Joanne's city has actually gone down in the past few years.To which bias is Joanne falling victim?

According to the _____ heuristic we assume that events we remember easily are likely to have occurred more frequently in the past-and are more likely to occur in the future-than events that are harder to remember.

"You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend.Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her boyfriend wouldn't tell her what was bothering him.Iris is using the _____ heuristic.

In a _____ heuristic,known items are seen as superior to those that are unknown.

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of the three broad phases of the problem-solving process,from first to last?

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth-grader's arithmetic text.This is a(n) _ problem.It is best solved through the application of _.

Carl is the one person Craig has ever met from New Zealand.Carl strikes Craig as being quite friendly and funny.When asked what he would expect to find if he went to New Zealand,Craig says that he would expect the people to be quite friendly and funny.What might he have used to make this judgment?

The _____ is a rule we apply when we judge people by the degree to which they depict a certain category or group of people.

In _ problems,the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear;in _ problems,either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear.

Suppose you meet a woman who opposes the death penalty.You then decide that,generally,women are more likely to oppose the death penalty than are men.That is,you assume that the individual case is depictive of its category.Here you have fallen prey to:

When people are asked which is more common,death by homicide or death by stroke,they often choose homicide because they simply hear more about murders than they do about strokes.In this instance,people are led astray in their judgments by:

When you use the representativeness heuristic,you are:

_____ intelligence is the field that examines how to use technology to imitate the outcome of human thinking,problem solving,and creative activities.

Dr.Ireland's class is attempting to find derivatives;Dr.Jamison's class is developing campaign strategies for a local politician.Which of the following statements is MOST likely TRUE?

Which of the following is an ill-defined problem?

The _____ heuristic involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory.

Quiz 7: Memory

When you go to the supermarket,you see the brand of cookies you usually buy,and settle for it.Usually it's a good rule of thumb,because it saves a lot of time.You do not ponder over every type of cookie available in the store.This is an example of a(n) _____.

Last week,Mike heard about five separate airplane crashes on the news.Even though,overall,motorcycle accidents account for more accidents than plane crashes do,Mike decides to ride his motorcycle from Washington to Atlanta instead of flying.Which bias is reflected in Mike's decision?

Joanne will not go out at night because she hears from her local news station about the large number of muggings and robberies that occur in her city.However,crime in Joanne's city has actually gone down in the past few years.To which bias is Joanne falling victim?

According to the _____ heuristic we assume that events we remember easily are likely to have occurred more frequently in the past-and are more likely to occur in the future-than events that are harder to remember.

"You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend.Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her boyfriend wouldn't tell her what was bothering him.Iris is using the _____ heuristic.

In a _____ heuristic,known items are seen as superior to those that are unknown.

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of the three broad phases of the problem-solving process,from first to last?

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth-grader's arithmetic text.This is a(n) _____ problem.It is best solved through the application of _____.

Carl is the one person Craig has ever met from New Zealand.Carl strikes Craig as being quite friendly and funny.When asked what he would expect to find if he went to New Zealand,Craig says that he would expect the people to be quite friendly and funny.What might he have used to make this judgment?

The _____ is a rule we apply when we judge people by the degree to which they depict a certain category or group of people.

In _____ problems,the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear;in _____ problems,either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear.

Suppose you meet a woman who opposes the death penalty.You then decide that,generally,women are more likely to oppose the death penalty than are men.That is,you assume that the individual case is depictive of its category.Here you have fallen prey to:

When people are asked which is more common,death by homicide or death by stroke,they often choose homicide because they simply hear more about murders than they do about strokes.In this instance,people are led astray in their judgments by:

When you use the representativeness heuristic,you are:

_____ intelligence is the field that examines how to use technology to imitate the outcome of human thinking,problem solving,and creative activities.

Dr.Ireland's class is attempting to find derivatives;Dr.Jamison's class is developing campaign strategies for a local politician.Which of the following statements is MOST likely TRUE?

Which of the following is an ill-defined problem?

The _____ heuristic involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory.

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth-grader's arithmetic text.This is a(n) _ problem.It is best solved through the application of _.

In _ problems,the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear;in _ problems,either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear.