Question 1

Which psychologist is INCORRECTLY matched with an associated perspective?

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney is not associated with the cognitive perspective but with the psychodynamic perspective.

Question 2

Which of the following perspectives of psychology emphasizes observable responses?

Accepted Answer

The behavioral perspective of psychology focuses on observable behavior and emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping and controlling behavior.

Question 3

Psychologists adhering to the _____ perspective are probably the LEAST likely to take a "nature" stance on the nature vs.nurture issue.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychologists tend to focus on the role of environmental factors such as experiences and learning in shaping behavior and development, rather than biological or genetic factors. Therefore, they are less likely to take a "nature" stance on the nature vs. nurture issue.

Question 4

Which of the following psychologists is associated with the behavioral perspective?

Accepted Answer

Skinner is associated with the behavioral perspective, which focuses on observable and measurable behaviors and how they are shaped by the environment through reinforcement and punishment. Rogers is associated with the humanistic perspective, Maslow with the humanistic and physiological perspectives, and Hollingworth with the feminist perspective.

Question 5

The emphasis of the humanistic perspective is on:

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective emphasizes the dignity and worth of each individual and that individuals have the ability to make conscious choices and control their own destinies. This concept is based on the belief in free will.

Question 6

Penny is a recovering drug addict.Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of her environment-"people,places,and things"-on her use of her drug of choice.Her program reflects the _____ perspective in psychology.

Accepted Answer

The emphasis on the influence of environment and conditioning on behavior aligns with the behavioral perspective in psychology. The other options (psychodynamic, cognitive, and neuroscience) do not specifically focus on the role of the environment in shaping behavior.

Question 7

_____ is the idea that people's behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control.

Accepted Answer

Determinism is the idea that people's behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control.

Question 8

Free will stands in contrast to _____.

Accepted Answer

Determinism is the philosophical belief that all actions and decisions are predetermined by prior causes and factors, such as genetics, environment, or past experiences. This contradicts the idea of free will, which suggests that individuals have the ability to make choices independently of external influences. Naturism and natural selection are not related to the concept of free will, while unconscious motives may influence but do not fully determine one's actions.

Question 9

The humanistic perspective rejects the view that behavior reflects biological forces,unconscious processes,or the environment.In other words,it rejects the _____,_____,and _____ perspectives,respectively.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective emphasizes free will, personal choice, and the capacity for personal growth and self-actualization. It rejects biological determinism and environmental determinism, which are perspectives that emphasize the impact of genetics and outside forces on behavior, respectively. The cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives are not specifically rejected by the humanistic perspective, as they share some similarities such as emphasis on subjective experience and the role of the individual's thoughts and feelings. The neuroscience perspective is also not specifically rejected, but it is incompatible with the humanistic perspective as it emphasizes the biological basis of behavior.

Question 10

Pablo is taking part in a psychology experiment.He watches two political campaign ads: one highlighting the candidate's positive attributes,and one emphasizing the opponent's negative features.During each ad,Pablo's brain is scanned.This experiment is most likely conducted by a(n)_____ neuroscientist.

Accepted Answer

A social neuroscientist studies how social factors affect brain structure and function, including how people react to different types of information or stimuli. In this case, the experiment is looking at how political campaign ads affect Pablo's brain activity, which is a social factor, making B) social the most appropriate answer. Clinical, behavioral, and counseling neuroscience typically focus on different aspects of mental health and behavior.

Question 11

The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called:

Accepted Answer

The scientific method is the approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest. It involves formulating hypotheses, collecting data through observation and experimentation, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions based on the results. The other options (trial and error method, informed speculation method, and educated guessing method) are not systematic approaches and do not involve the rigorous evaluation of evidence.

Question 12

Dr.Petrovic tries to help his clients see how their behavior reflects choices they have made.He is most likely a _____ therapist.

Accepted Answer

The description of Dr. Petrovic's therapeutic approach aligns with the humanistic perspective, which emphasizes personal agency and responsibility. This perspective is often associated with therapists who promote self-awareness and insight into one's own behavior and choices.

Question 13

Driving to work one day,Owen suspects that drivers talking on their cell phones pay less attention to the road than do other drivers.This hypothesis would most likely be tested by a _____ psychologist.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychology deals with mental processes such as attention, perception, and memory, which are relevant to Owen's hypothesis about drivers' attention. A cognitive psychologist would design experiments and measure cognitive processes to test the hypothesis.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a likely trend in psychology's near future?

Accepted Answer

The trend towards a more unified discipline is already underway and is likely to continue in the future. Therefore, C is not a likely trend in psychology's near future. A, B, and D are all likely trends that are already beginning to emerge and are expected to continue in the years ahead.

Question 15

The computer metaphor is at the heart of the _____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The computer metaphor compares the mind to a computer, and the cognitive perspective focuses on the mental processes involved in perception, thinking, and problem-solving. Therefore, the computer metaphor is at the heart of the cognitive perspective.

Question 16

Dr.Reynolds believes that depression reflects aspects of a patient's early relationship with her parents of which she may be completely unaware.Dr.Smith,by contrast,argues that depression stems from a patient's negative self-talk.The two psychologists appear to disagree on the _____ issue.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Reynolds' belief about depression being rooted in early relationships with parents reflects an unconscious cause, while Dr. Smith's perspective of negative self-talk points towards a conscious cause. Therefore, the two psychologists appear to disagree on the conscious versus unconscious causes of depression, making choice (B) the correct answer.

Question 17

Recall Watson's quote -"Give me a dozen healthy infants,well-formed,and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select-doctor,lawyer,artist,merchant-chief,and yes,even beggar-man and thief,regardless of his talents,penchants,tendencies,abilities,vocations and race of his ancestors." Where 1 = extreme nature and 10 = extreme nurture,where would you place Watson on the nature vs.nurture issue?

Accepted Answer

Watson's quote emphasizes the power of the environment and upbringing over innate qualities, aligning with an extreme nurture perspective.

Question 18

Dr.Quinones studies the achievement motivation of junior high school students.He asserts that such motivation mainly reflects the parenting and educational practices the students have experienced.This statement is most directly related to the _____ issue;Dr.Quinones' position is toward the _____ end of the continuum.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Quinones is discussing the influence of parenting and education practices on achievement motivation, which is a clear indication of the nurture aspect of the nature vs. nurture issue. Therefore, Dr. Quinones' position is toward the nurture end of the continuum.

Question 19

Dr.Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable,measurable behavior.Dr.Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think about and understand the world.Which option below CORRECTLY identifies their respective perspectives?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Greenway's focus on observable and measurable behavior aligns with the principles of the behavioral perspective in psychology, which emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior. On the other hand, Dr. Cech's focus on understanding how people think about and interpret the world aligns with the principles of the cognitive perspective, which emphasizes mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.

Question 20

Individual differences are to universal principles what the _____ perspective is to the _____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective focuses on individual experience and personal growth, whereas the neuroscience perspective emphasizes universal biological processes. Similarly, individual differences focus on unique characteristics of individuals, while universal principles seek to explain commonalities across all individuals. Therefore, individual differences are to universal principles what the humanistic perspective is to the neuroscience perspective.

Quiz 1: Introduction to Psychology