Question 1

If a researcher wants to utilize a health behavior change theory that posits that health behaviors must be understood in the context of reciprocal determinism,in that characteristics of a person,one's environment,and the behavior itself all interact to determine whether a behavior is formed,the researcher would use this theory:

Accepted Answer

The theory that encompasses the concept of reciprocal determinism is Social Cognitive Theory. This theory posits that behavior change is influenced by personal, environmental, and behavioral factors that interact with each other. The other theories listed do not explicitly address the concept of reciprocal determinism.

Question 2

What a participant thinks others think about a health behavior is called:

Accepted Answer

Normative beliefs refer to a participant's perception of what others think about a particular health behavior. It can influence an individual's own behavior and decision-making process based on social pressure and expectations. Choices A, B, and C are not directly related to evaluating the perception of others towards a specific health behavior.

Question 3

Although there are a few studies that compare and contrast all the different models of health behavior change,one notable exception (Garcia & Mann)suggest that the best predictor of intentions to engage in health behaviors is the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although there are a few studies that...

Question 4

Jared is a fried fast food addict.He knows that behavior is not very healthy,but he does not intend to change.He is in the Transtheoretical model stage of:

Accepted Answer

In the Transtheoretical model, precontemplation stage refers to the period when an individual is not yet ready to change their behavior and does not see it as a problem. Jared, who knows that his behavior is unhealthy but does not intend to change, fits into this stage.

Question 5

Vernice's doctor has informed her that she is severely overweight,and that she should change her eating habits.Vernice fully intends to comply,and intends to start changing behaviors in the next month or so.According to the Transtheoretical Model,Vernice is in the"

Accepted Answer

According to the Transtheoretical Model, individuals in the precontemplation stage are not yet considering behavior change. Vernice, on the other hand, intends to start changing behaviors in the next month or so, which suggests that she is in the contemplation stage. In this stage, individuals are aware of the need for change but are not yet taking action. The preparation stage comes next, followed by the action stage and then the maintenance stage.

Question 6

It is not enough to just know a person's perceptions of what the social norms are to predict if they will change their health behavior.You must also assess their:

Accepted Answer

Motivation to comply is crucial because it determines whether an individual is willing to align their behavior with perceived social norms. Without motivation, knowing the norms alone may not lead to behavior change.

Question 7

Champion et.al.(2000)had counselors speak to more than 300 low-income African American women.During this process they learned that many woman had concerns that became barriers of getting mammograms.Some of these concerns were:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Champion et.al.(2000)had counselors speak to more than...

Question 8

People in this stage of the Transtheoretical avoid reading,thinking or talking about their unhealthy behaviors:

Accepted Answer

This stage of the Transtheoretical model is characterized by a lack of awareness or denial of the need to change unhealthy behaviors. Therefore, individuals in this stage are unlikely to actively seek out information or engage in discussions about their unhealthy behaviors.

Question 9

Interventions should be appropriate for the risk group/risk factor.Some ideas to consider while considering the appropriateness of interventions for the group is:

Accepted Answer

All of the above considerations are important when determining appropriate interventions for a specific risk group/risk factor. It is crucial to understand the language, imagery, and cultural contexts that will resonate with the target audience in order to maximize the effectiveness of the intervention.

Question 10

The Transtherorectical Model (TTM)was developed to identify common themes across different intervention theories,and notes that:

Accepted Answer

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) notes that we process through different stages as we think about, attempt to, and finally change any specific behavior.

Question 11

Schwarzer's (1992)Health Action Process Approach has been found to be applicable to:

Accepted Answer

The Health Action Process Approach has been found to be applicable to a wide variety of health behaviors including exercise, breast self-exams, seat belt use, dieting and dental flossing.

Question 12

Relapsing,or falling back into performing unhealthy behaviors,is the biggest problem in the Transtheoretical Model stage of:

Accepted Answer

The stage of maintenance in the Transtheoretical Model is focused on preventing relapse and maintaining the healthy behavior. Therefore, relapsing is the biggest problem in this stage. The other stages (termination, contemplation, and action) do not specifically address relapse as a primary concern.

Question 13

The best stage to use an anti-smoking message intervention is the:

Accepted Answer

The preparation stage is the best time to use an anti-smoking message intervention because people in this stage are already thinking about quitting and are more likely to be receptive to messages that encourage them to take action.

Question 14

Sam is conducting a health behavior intervention with 7 year olds concerning the dangers of huffing.What must he do to ensure that his intervention is ethical?

Accepted Answer

Sam must consider the potential long-term effects of the intervention and whether the behavior changes will be maintained after the intervention is completed. This is important to ensure that the intervention is ethical and not harmful to the participants. Providing support to the children is also important, but it must be realistic and feasible to maintain after the intervention is finished. Exaggerating the dangers of huffing is not ethical as it may cause unnecessary fear and anxiety in the children, and control participants should be included in the intervention to ensure the validity of the results.

Question 15

Interventions that were used on television and technology in the 1970's and 1980's focused on:

Accepted Answer

Interventions used on television and technology in the 1970's and 1980's focused on both scare tactics and informational appeals in order to promote behavior change. These interventions included public service announcements and anti-smoking campaigns that combined both approaches to effectively persuade viewers to quit smoking.

Question 16

When a health psychologist designs an intervention,she should keep in mind that:

Accepted Answer

It is important for a health psychologist to keep in mind that unhealthy behaviors can return once the intervention or treatment has stopped. This means that follow-up appointments or continued support may be necessary to maintain the behavior changes that were achieved during the intervention. A and D are not true as some dropouts are inevitable and resources should be used to prevent attrition if possible. B is not true as missing sessions can impact the effectiveness of the intervention.

Question 17

In the 1950's,the most common advertisements to change behavior tried to:

Accepted Answer

In the 1950's, fear-based advertising was commonly used to change behavior. Advertisements would often use scare tactics to convince people to change their behavior, such as smoking or unhealthy eating habits. This approach was based on the theory of behaviorism, which held that people are more likely to change their behavior if they associate it with negative consequences.

Question 18

What aspect of the Health Beliefs Model is particularly useful in explaining cultural differences in health behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Perceived barriers are particularly useful in explaining cultural differences in health behaviors because cultural beliefs and practices can significantly influence what individuals perceive as obstacles to taking health-related actions.

Question 19

The biggest benefit to using a theory to base an intervention on is:

Accepted Answer

Using a theory to base an intervention on allows for a clear understanding of the mechanisms and processes that may drive behavior change. This makes it easier to identify what worked in the intervention and what did not, which can inform future interventions and research.

Question 20

The theory of planned behavior focuses on a person's:

Accepted Answer

The theory of planned behavior posits that a person's intentions towards a behavior are the primary predictor of actual behavior. This includes their attitudes towards the behavior as well as their beliefs about what will happen as a result of performing the behavior. While plans to change behavior may be part of the overall framework, they are not the primary focus.

Quiz 6: Models of Behavior Change