Question 1

Around the age of _____,children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that by the age of three, children show a clear preference for spending time with same-sex peers.

Question 2

A _____ is a cognitive structure,a network of associations that guide an individual's perceptions.

Accepted Answer

The term "schema" is often used in psychology to refer to a cognitive structure, a network of associations in an individual's mind that guides their perceptions and understanding of the world. This can include beliefs, values, expectations, and assumptions about different situations and people. Schemas can influence how people perceive, interpret, and remember information, and may be shaped by past experiences, cultural background, and other factors.

Question 3

Who among the following is MOST likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who among the following is MOST likely...

Question 4

The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.Which of the following describes this condition in girls?

Accepted Answer

The condition in girls where they develop a sexual attraction to their fathers is known as the Electra complex in the psychoanalytic theory of gender.

Question 5

Most children know whether they are physically a girl or boy by about _____ years of age.

Accepted Answer

Most children can identify their gender by around 3 years of age, as they become aware of physical differences and societal gender roles.

Question 6

The social role theory suggests that:

Accepted Answer

The social role theory suggests that gender differences in personality traits, behaviors, and attitudes can be attributed to the social roles that men and women occupy in society. This theory suggests that the division of labor and social hierarchy are key causes of these differences. This means that differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing are not solely determined by biology, but are also influenced by the social roles and expectations placed on men and women. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 7

Children between the ages of 3 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of:

Accepted Answer

Children between the ages of 3 and 12 often prefer to play in groups with peers of the same sex due to shared interests and social dynamics at that developmental stage.

Question 8

This theory of gender stems from the view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

Accepted Answer

The theory described in the statement is the psychoanalytic theory of gender, specifically Sigmund Freud's Oedipus complex theory. According to this theory, preschool children experience a subconscious sexual attraction towards the opposite-sex parent and feel jealousy towards the same-sex parent. This attraction and jealousy ultimately lead to the development of gender identity and roles.

Question 9

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think,act,and feel are known as gender:

Accepted Answer

Gender roles are the sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel. Gender identities refer to an individual's sense of self as male, female, or something else. Gender expectancies and rules refer more broadly to societal norms and beliefs about gender, while gender roles specifically define expected behaviors and attitudes based on one's gender.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is TRUE about parental influences on children's gender development?

Accepted Answer

Fathers often engage more with sons and encourage behaviors that align with traditional male roles, thus influencing their gender development.

Question 11

Gender _____ involves a sense of one's own gender,including knowledge,understanding,and acceptance of being male or female.

Accepted Answer

Gender identity refers to one's personal identification and sense of self as male or female. It includes an individual's psychological attachment to their gender, which may or may not align with their biological sex. Gender role refers to societal expectations associated with being male or female, gender typing refers to the process of socializing individuals into certain gender roles, and gender experience refers to the ways in which individuals interact with and experience gender in their daily lives.

Question 12

According to the UNICEF (2012),in most cultures around the world:

Accepted Answer

The statement from UNICEF (2012) suggests that in most cultures around the world, women have less power and status than men, and they control fewer resources. This is supported by research and studies on gender inequality and the gender pay gap which highlight the disparities between men and women in education, employment, wealth, and political representation. While some cultures may give women a higher social status, this does not necessarily translate into equal power and resources.

Question 13

In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children,from about 5 years of age onward:

Accepted Answer

Boys are more likely to associate together in larger groups than girls, who tend to form smaller, more intimate groups. This pattern reflects broader socialization and play style differences observed between genders from a young age.

Question 14

The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary psychology view is not primarily a social theory of gender; it focuses on biological and evolutionary explanations for gender differences. The other options are social theories that explain gender through societal roles, cognitive processes, and psychoanalytic perspectives.

Question 15

Girls are more likely to engage in "_____," in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner.

Accepted Answer

Collaborative discourse is characterized by a more reciprocal conversation style, where individuals take turns speaking and listen to others' points of view. This communication style is often seen as more common among girls, who are socialized to build and maintain relationships through communication. Rough-and-tumble play, dominating play, and ego displays are all forms of more physical, competitive, or individualistic behavior, and are not related to communication style.

Question 16

According to Freud,at which age does the child renounce the sexual attraction he/she feels toward the parent of the opposite sex because of anxious feelings?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, children go through the phallic stage (ages 3-6) where they experience the Oedipus complex (for boys) or Electra complex (for girls). During this stage, children develop sexual desires towards their parent of the opposite sex and view their same-sex parent as a rival. However, due to anxiety and fear of punishment from the same-sex parent, the child eventually renounces these feelings and adopts the morals and values of the society, a process called castration anxiety for boys, and penis envy for girls. Therefore, the child renounces the sexual attraction towards the parent of the opposite sex between 5-6 years of age.

Question 17

A gender _____ organizes the world in terms of female and male.

Accepted Answer

A gender schema is a cognitive framework that organizes and categorizes information about gender based on societal beliefs and expectations surrounding what is appropriate for males and females. It is a way that individuals organize the world around them in terms of binary categories of male and female. Choices A and B relate more to the individual's perception and understanding of their own gender, while choice C refers to a systematic preference towards one gender over another, which is not directly related to organizing the world in terms of male and female.

Question 18

Karen is often praised for gender-typical behavior.Her parents make statements like "Karen,you are such a good girl when you play with your doll!" Gender researchers would use this as support for what theory of gender development?

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of reinforcement and modeling in learning gender roles, suggesting that Karen's behavior is being reinforced by her parents' praise.

Question 19

According to Freud,preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, preschool boys experience the Oedipus complex, which is when they develop an unconscious sexual desire for their mothers and view their fathers as rivals for their mother's affection. This complex is a normal part of a child's psychosexual development and is resolved through identification with the same-sex parent during the phallic stage (ages 3-6).

Question 20

Twice each month,Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table," a program that assists homeless people in the town.She brings her two children,ages 9 and 11,with her and talks to them about the need to share time,food,and kindness with others who are less fortunate.Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children:

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive theorists emphasize the role of modeling and observation in the development of moral behavior. By observing their mother help those in need and by being taught about the importance of sharing, Gini's children are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others.

Quiz 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood