Question 1

Cohort effects are due to all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Cohort effects are not affected by the actual age of the individual, but rather by external factors such as year of birth, era, and generation.

Question 2

Dr.McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their thirties,fifties,and seventies where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests.What type of research approach is Dr.McLean using?

Accepted Answer

Dr. McLean is using a cross-sectional research approach because she is testing people of different age groups at one point in time rather than following them over a period of time (longitudinal) or studying a specific cohort (cohort). "Latitudinal" is not a commonly used term in research methods.

Question 3

This theorist proposed eight psychosocial stages of development.

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

Xavier believes that we can study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured.He argues that affective and cognitive explanations are circular.Which theoretical orientation is most akin to his views?

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

A method of gathering data by means of observing behaviors in real-world settings,making no effort to manipulate or control the situation.

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

Define theory and hypothesis.Illustrate your answer with an example.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Riley argues that behavior is strongly influenced by biology; it is tied to evolution,and characterized by critical or sensitive periods.What theoretical orientation does Riley most likely take?

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

The developmental issue or debate concerning whether development is influenced by biology or environment.

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

In addition to chronological age,list and briefly describe the three other ways that "age" has been conceptualized.

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

The longitudinal method of research consists of studying:

Accepted Answer

The longitudinal method involves studying the same individuals over an extended period of time, typically years or decades. This allows researchers to observe changes in behavior, development, and other variables over time. It is a useful approach for investigating phenomena that occur over long time scales, such as aging, and for tracking the effects of certain interventions or treatments.

Question 11

This is a way of conceptualizing age where age is characterized by physical health and the functional capacities of a person's vital organs.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

A _____ is a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences.

Accepted Answer

A cohort refers to a group of people who were born around the same time and have experienced similar historical and societal events during their development.

Question 13

Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness)and heavily colored by emotion.

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

According to APA's guidelines,after the study has been completed,participants should be informed of its purpose and the methods that were used.This is known as:

Accepted Answer

Debriefing involves informing participants about the purpose and methods of the study after it has been completed. Informed consent refers to obtaining participants' permission to participate in the study before it begins. Confidentiality involves protecting participants' personal information and not disclosing it to others without their permission. Deception refers to misleading participants about the true nature of the study, which is not ethical according to APA's guidelines.

Question 15

This refers to the capacity for change.

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

This theorist proposed that psychosexual development occurred in the five stages: oral stage,anal stage,phallic stage,latent stage,and genital stage.

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

In an experimental study,the _____ group serves as a baseline against which the effects of the manipulated condition can be compared.

Accepted Answer

The control group is the group that does not receive the manipulated condition or treatment. It serves as the baseline for the experiment, allowing researchers to compare the effects of the treatment against what would happen without it. The experimental group is the group that does receive the manipulated condition or treatment. The dependent variable is the variable being measured or observed as the outcome of the experiment, while the independent variable is the variable being manipulated as the potential cause of changes in the dependent variable.

Question 18

The cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares:

Accepted Answer

The cross-sectional approach to developmental research involves comparing individuals of different ages at the same point in time. This allows researchers to compare developmental differences between age groups, rather than tracking the same individuals over time. Therefore, the correct answer is individuals of different ages.

Question 19

According to APA's guidelines,all participants must know what their research participation will involve and what risks might develop.This guideline addresses which of the following issues?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent refers to ensuring that participants are fully aware of the nature of the research and any potential risks involved. This includes informing them about the purpose of the study, what their participation will involve, and any potential risks or benefits. It is important for ethical research to obtain informed consent from all participants.

Question 20

This theorist developed the theory of operant conditioning.B.F.Skinner

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 1: Introduction