Question 1

When Abraham describes to his friend what he did in his last summer vacation,he relies on his _____ memory.
A) implicit
B) explicit
C) procedural
D) semantic

Accepted Answer

Abraham is recalling specific details and events from his summer vacation, which requires the use of explicit memory. Implicit and procedural memory are more related to unconscious learning and motor skills, while semantic memory involves general knowledge and facts that are not tied to specific experiences.

Question 2

In Baillargeon's view,infants have a pre-adapted,innate bias called the principle of _____ that explains their assumption that objects do not change their properties unless some external factor obviously intervenes.
A) consistency
B) inertia
C) persistence
D) internalized representation

Accepted Answer

Baillargeon's principle of persistence states that infants have an innate bias to expect objects to continue to exist and retain their properties unless there is an obvious external factor that changes them. This is why infants are surprised when objects seemingly disappear or change without a clear cause, as it goes against their expectations based on this principle.

Question 3

Juno is riding a bike.Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically; this type of memory is referred to as _____ memory.
A) explicit
B) implicit
C) semantic
D) episodic

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory is the type of memory that deals with skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically. Juno riding a bike is an example of using implicit memory.

Question 4

When two individuals focus on the same object or event,the process is called:
A) sensory attention.
B) joint attention.
C) amalgamous attention.
D) synchronous attention.

Accepted Answer

Joint attention occurs when two individuals focus on the same object or event. This process is important in social development and communication, particularly in infancy and early childhood. Option A, sensory attention, refers to the processing of sensory information. Option C, amalgamous attention, is not a term used in psychology or neuroscience. Option D, synchronous attention, refers to two individuals being focused on the same thing at the same time, but does not necessarily imply joint attention.

Question 5

Researchers like Baillargeon have found that infants' perceptual abilities are highly developed much earlier than Jean Piaget proposed.These researchers conclude that infants see objects as bounded,unitary,solid,and separate from their background definitely by _____ of age.
A) eight to nine months
B) one to two months
C) three to four months
D) five to six months

Accepted Answer

Research by Baillargeon suggests that infants as young as three to four months have the ability to perceive objects as bounded, unitary, solid, and separate from their background. This contradicts Jean Piaget's theory, which proposed that this ability did not develop until around eight to nine months of age.

Question 6

Most researchers find that babies do not show _____ until the second half of the first year.
A) dishabituation
B) explicit memory
C) habituation
D) implicit memory

Accepted Answer

Babies typically do not show explicit memory, which involves conscious recall of information, until the second half of the first year. Implicit memory, which involves unconscious recall and is demonstrated through performance rather than conscious recollection, can be observed earlier. Habituation and dishabituation are processes related to how infants respond to repeated stimuli, not directly related to the development timeline of explicit memory.

Question 7

In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development,Elizabeth Spelke endorses a _____ approach that states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems.
A) core knowledge
B) domain knowledge
C) learned domain
D) nurture

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Spelke endorses the core knowledge approach, which recognizes that infants are born with innate knowledge systems specific to different domains. This means that nature plays a more important role in infant development than nurture.

Question 8

Which of the following is a key criticism of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
A) Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in an infant's everyday environment.
B) Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in controlled settings.
C) Infants are more competent than Jean Piaget thought.
D) Infants are less competent than Jean Piaget reported.

Accepted Answer

One key criticism of Piaget's theory is that recent research shows infants are more competent than he initially believed. This criticism is often referred to as the "underestimation" objection.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about joint attention is NOT true?
A) Joint attention requires the ability to track another's behavior.
B) Emerging forms of joint attention occur at about 4 to 5 months.
C) Joint attention requires that one person directs another person's attention.
D) Joint attention requires reciprocal interaction.

Accepted Answer

Emerging forms of joint attention typically occur later, around 9 to 12 months, not as early as 4 to 5 months.

Question 10

Which of the following is a requirement of joint attention?
A) An ability to manipulate objects
B) An ability to track another's behavior
C) A lack of interest in others
D) An intense interest in a particular object

Accepted Answer

Joint attention is the ability of two individuals to share attention and focus on the same object or event. In order to achieve joint attention, both individuals need to be able to track each other's behavior and be aware of the shared attention. The other options do not necessarily relate to joint attention.

Question 11

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called _____.
A) assimilation
B) attention
C) habituation
D) fixation

Accepted Answer

Attention refers to the process of selectively focusing mental resources on certain aspects of the environment while ignoring others. Assimilation refers to the integration of new information into existing schemas, habituation refers to a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, and fixation refers to becoming stuck on one particular way of thinking or problem-solving.

Question 12

Attention in the first year of life is dominated by a(n)_____ process that involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment,that is,"where," and recognizing objects and their features,that is,"what."
A) orienting/tracking
B) sustained/focused attention
C) habituation/dishabituation
D) orienting/investigative

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question involves both orienting (directing attention to potentially important locations) and recognizing objects and features (investigating "what"), which is best represented by the orienting/investigative process. Option A (orienting/tracking) only addresses the "where" aspect and does not include the recognition of objects and features. Option B (sustained/focused attention) pertains to maintaining attention on a single stimulus over a prolonged period of time and is not descriptive of the process described in the question. Option C (habituation/dishabituation) describes the process of becoming accustomed to a stimulus and then detecting a change in that stimulus, which is related but not directly applicable to the process described in the question.

Question 13

Eight-month-old Andrew suffered brain damage at birth.His identical twin,Alex,had no brain damage.Research on habituation will likely predict that:
A) Alex will not habituate as well as Andrew.
B) both twins will habituate at about the same level.
C) Andrew will not habituate as well as Alex.
D) Alex will not exhibit any sort of habituation.

Accepted Answer

Research on habituation suggests that infants with brain damage may have more difficulty habituating to stimuli than those without brain damage. Therefore, Andrew, who suffered brain damage at birth, may not habituate as well as his twin brother, Alex, who did not have brain damage.

Question 14

A developmental psychologist studying infants' understanding of object permanence uses a method where infants see an event happen as it would normally occur.Then,the event is changed,often in a way that creates a physically impossible event.The result of this is that the infants look longer at the changed event indicating that he or she is surprised by it.Which method is being adopted here?
A) Violation of expectations
B) Habituation and dishabituation
C) Visual preference
D) Principle of persistence

Accepted Answer

The method described in the scenario is the violation of expectations method, where infants are presented with a physically impossible event after seeing a possible event. Their surprise and increased attention towards the impossible event indicate their understanding of object permanence and the violation of their expectations. Habituation and dishabituation refer to the process of becoming accustomed to a stimulus and then re-responding to a change in that stimulus, while visual preference involves presenting two stimuli and observing which one the infant looks at longer. The principle of persistence refers to the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.

Question 15

_____ involves the retention of information over time.
A) Attention
B) Memory
C) Cognition
D) Organization

Accepted Answer

Memory specifically refers to the retention of information over time. Attention refers to the ability to focus on information, cognition refers to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and understanding, and organization refers to the act of putting things in order or arranging them systematically.

Question 16

Farah shows her baby a colorful block several times.The baby looks carefully at the block at first,but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times.The baby is displaying _____.
A) distraction
B) imitation
C) habituation
D) dishabituation

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the process by which an infant becomes less interested in a stimulus after repeated exposure, which is exactly what is happening in this scenario. The baby initially shows interest in the block, but loses interest over time and turns her attention to a different toy. The other options do not fit the scenario as well: distraction would be if some external stimulus, like a loud noise, caused the baby to turn away from the block, imitation would require the baby to try to copy what Farah was doing with the block, and dishabituation would be if the baby suddenly re-focused on the block after becoming bored with it, but that is not happening in this scenario.

Question 17

Research suggests that infants appear to understand the physical law of gravity:
A) at birth.
B) at around 6 to 8 months of age.
C) at around 1 to 2 months of age.
D) at the start of toddlerhood.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that infants begin to understand the physical law of gravity at around 6 to 8 months of age. Studies show that they can anticipate and predict the trajectory of falling objects, indicating an understanding of gravity. While infants may show an interest in visual displays of gravity at younger ages, their understanding of the concept appears to develop more fully around 6 to 8 months.

Question 18

Which is the process by which information gets into memory?
A) Encoding
B) Encrypting
C) Enlisting
D) Enumerating

Accepted Answer

Encoding refers to the process by which information is transformed into a format that can be stored in memory. It involves using various sensory modalities (such as sight, sound, touch, etc.) to create a mental representation of the information.

Question 19

Research by Renée Baillargeon and her colleagues documents that infants as young as three to four months expect objects to be ????_____ in the sense that other objects cannot move through them and _____ in the sense that objects continue to exist when they are hidden.
A) subject to gravity; transient
B) consistent; existential
C) substantial; permanent
D) opaque; substantial

Accepted Answer

Baillargeon's research found that infants expect objects to be substantial, which means that they cannot move through other objects, and permanent, which means that they continue to exist when hidden.

Question 20

_____ provides a measure of an infant's maturity and well-being.
A) Assimilation
B) Habituation
C) Lateralization
D) Disambiguation

Accepted Answer

Habituation involves a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus, which can be used to measure an infant's maturity and well-being. As infants become more mature, they habituate more quickly and require new or more complex stimuli to maintain their interest.

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy

When Abraham describes to his friend what he did in his last summer vacation,he relies on his _____ memory.

In Baillargeon's view,infants have a pre-adapted,innate bias called the principle of _____ that explains their assumption that objects do not change their properties unless some external factor obviously intervenes.

Juno is riding a bike.Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically; this type of memory is referred to as _____ memory.

When two individuals focus on the same object or event,the process is called:

Researchers like Baillargeon have found that infants' perceptual abilities are highly developed much earlier than Jean Piaget proposed.These researchers conclude that infants see objects as bounded,unitary,solid,and separate from their background definitely by _____ of age.

Most researchers find that babies do not show _____ until the second half of the first year.

In considering the big issue of whether nature or nurture plays the more important role in infant development,Elizabeth Spelke endorses a _____ approach that states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems.

Which of the following is a key criticism of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Which of the following statements about joint attention is NOT true?

Which of the following is a requirement of joint attention?

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called _____.

Attention in the first year of life is dominated by a(n) _____ process that involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment,that is,"where," and recognizing objects and their features,that is,"what."

Eight-month-old Andrew suffered brain damage at birth.His identical twin,Alex,had no brain damage.Research on habituation will likely predict that:

_____ involves the retention of information over time.

Farah shows her baby a colorful block several times.The baby looks carefully at the block at first,but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times.The baby is displaying _____.

Research suggests that infants appear to understand the physical law of gravity:

Which is the process by which information gets into memory?

Research by Renée Baillargeon and her colleagues documents that infants as young as three to four months expect objects to be ????_ in the sense that other objects cannot move through them and _ in the sense that objects continue to exist when they are hidden.

_____ provides a measure of an infant's maturity and well-being.