Question 1

Which of the following diseases is caused by a deficiency of niacin?

Accepted Answer

Pellagra is a disease caused by a deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3). Symptoms include dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and eventually death if left untreated.

Question 2

The human large intestine is about _________________ in length.

Accepted Answer

The human large intestine is not much shorter than the body in which it is found.Please see section 28.6 for more information.

Question 3

The enzyme that breaks down the main sugar found in milk is

Accepted Answer

Lactase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down the main sugar found in milk, lactose, into its component sugars, glucose and galactose. Lipase breaks down fats, amylase breaks down starch, pepsin breaks down proteins, and bilE is not a known enzyme.

Question 4

When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products containing gluten,their immune system responds by damaging or destroying villi.Which of the following symptoms would a person with celiac disease have?

Accepted Answer

When the villi are damaged or destroyed, the absorption of nutrients from food becomes limited, leading to malnourishment and vitamin deficiencies. Option D describes this symptom.

Question 5

Tiny finger-like projections along the small intestine that are used to absorb nutrients are

Accepted Answer

Villi are small, finger-like projections that line the walls of the small intestine and are used to increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients. These structures are essential for efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients from the food that we eat.

Question 6

In Western countries up to 10% of the population develops gastric ulcers,many due to Helicobacter pylori.One adaptation this bacteria has is to secrete urease which produces the base ammonia from urea.How would this contribute to Helicobacter pylori causing ulcers?

Accepted Answer

Helicobacter pylori secreting urease to produce ammonia from urea leads to neutralization of stomach acid, allowing the bacteria to grow and colonize the stomach lining, leading to the development of ulcers.

Question 7

Which of the following diseases is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D?

Accepted Answer

Rickets is a disease that is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D. Vitamin D is essential for the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, which are important for the development and maintenance of strong bones. Rickets is characterized by soft and weak bones, which can lead to deformities and growth problems in children. Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, blindness can be caused by a deficiency of vitamin A, pellagra is caused by a deficiency of niacin, and anemia can be caused by a deficiency of iron or certain vitamins.

Question 8

Acid reflux would occur under which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Acid reflux occurs when contents from the stomach, including stomach acid, leak back up into the esophagus. Choice D is the only option that describes this scenario. A is incorrect because stomach contents normally empty into the duodenum. B and E are also incorrect because they describe contents moving in the wrong direction. C is incorrect because it describes the opposite of acid reflux.

Question 9

Bile acid sequestrants are drugs that bind to bile acids in the intestines and prevent their normal reabsorption in the large intestine.How would bile acid sequestrants lower a patient's blood cholesterol level?

Accepted Answer

Bile acids can then be broken down,lowering cholesterol.Please see section 28.6 for more information.

Question 10

A person suffering from lactose intolerance cannot break down the disaccharide lactose.Where would lactose be found in a person with lactose intolerance,but not in a lactose tolerant person?

Accepted Answer

Lactose would pass through the small intestine undigested and then reach the large intestine where it would be fermented by bacteria, leading to symptoms such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea. Therefore, lactose would be found in the large intestine of a person with lactose intolerance, but not in a lactose tolerant person who is able to break down lactose in the small intestine.

Question 11

A primary source of vitamin C in our diets is

Accepted Answer

Citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons are a primary source of vitamin C in our diets. They are a rich source of this essential nutrient and can help keep our immune system healthy.

Note: While red meat, beans, fish, and nuts are all nutritious foods, they are not a primary source of vitamin C.

Question 12

The semisolid mass of food and gastric juice in the human stomach is termed

Accepted Answer

The semisolid mass of food and gastric juice in the human stomach is called chyme.

Question 13

The muscular tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach is the

Accepted Answer

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, allowing food to pass from the mouth to the digestive system. The larynx, trachea, glottis, and bronchus are all part of the respiratory system and are not involved in the transport of food.

Question 14

Beano is a product containing an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates in beans and other vegetables,thereby reducing gas production when these foods are eaten.Why would humans need to take Beano to avoid gas?

Accepted Answer

Complex carbohydrates that are not broken down by enzymes in the small intestine will pass to the colon, where they will be fermented by bacteria, producing gas. Taking Beano helps to break down these complex carbohydrates before they reach the colon and prevent gas production.

Question 15

Which of the following is caused by a vitamin C deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Scurvy is a condition caused by a deficiency in vitamin C, characterized by weakness, fatigue, and bleeding gums. Rickets is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D and results in weak and soft bones. Blindness can be caused by a deficiency in vitamin A. Pellagra is caused by a deficiency in niacin (vitamin B3) and is characterized by skin rashes and neurological symptoms. Anemia can be caused by a deficiency in various nutrients, including iron, vitamin B12, and folate.

Question 16

Antacids would be effective in which part of the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Antacids would be effective in the stomach as they help to neutralize stomach acid and alleviate symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion.

Question 17

If a person eats large quantities of food and then intentionally vomits,constantly going through what are called binge and purge patterns,they most likely suffer from the eating disorder known as

Accepted Answer

Bingeing and purging are key features of bulimia nervosa, an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as induced vomiting, laxative abuse, or excessive exercise. Anorexia nervosa involves restriction of food intake and fear of weight gain, while morbid obesity refers to a medical condition in which a person's body mass index (BMI) is 40 or higher. Copious intake and hypoglycemia are not specific terms for any eating disorder.

Question 18

Morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI (body mass index)of at least

Accepted Answer

Morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI (body mass index) of at least 40, which is considered extremely high and can lead to severe health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, and joint problems. A BMI of 25-29.9 is considered overweight, while a BMI of 30 or above is considered obese. Therefore, only option B is the correct answer.

Question 19

The structure that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing,thereby preventing food from entering the air passage,is the

Accepted Answer

The structure that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing is the epiglottis. It is a flap-like structure that prevents food and liquids from entering the air passage. The cecum, rumen, uvula, and soft palate do not play a role in swallowing or protecting the airway.

Question 20

The energy needed to raise one kilogram of water from 14.5 degrees centigrade to 15.5 degrees centigrade under controlled conditions is

Accepted Answer

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius is called a calorie. As per the given condition, the temperature rise is one degree, and the unit of energy is required in kilocalorie, which means 1000 calories. Therefore, the correct answer is one kilocalorie.

Quiz 28: Regulating Temperature, nutrients, and Body Fluids