Question 1

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: 
Compared to a critical value of 2.0,the decision should be to _____ because the observed value is _____ than the critical value.
A)Reject the null hypothesis;lower
B)Do not reject the null hypothesis;lower
C)Reject the null hypothesis;higher
D)Do not reject the null hypothesis;higher

Accepted Answer

It is not mentioned what the observed value is, but the question states that it should be compared to a critical value of 2.0. If the observed value is lower than the critical value, then the decision should be to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, the best choice is A, which states that we should reject the null hypothesis because the observed value is lower than the critical value.

Question 2

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: 
What is the U value for group one?
A)7.5
B)10.5
C)-7.5
D)-10.5

Accepted Answer

To find the U value for group one, we use the sum of the ranks of group one:
Sum of ranks for group one = 1 + 3 + 5 + 10 + 11 = 30
The number of participants in group one is n1 = 5
The U value for group one is then calculated as:
U1 = n1(n1 + 1) / 2 - Sum of ranks for group one
U1 = 5(5 + 1) / 2 - 30
U1 = 15 - 30 
U1 = -15
However, U value cannot be negative, so we take the absolute value of -15 which is 15. Dividing by 2 to get the one-tailed (directional) test value:
U1 = 15/2
U1 = 7.5

Question 3

Which of the following nonparametric tests involves the analysis of ranked difference scores?
A)Mann-Whitney U Test
B)Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
C)Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
D)Kruskal-Wallis Test

Accepted Answer

The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test involves the analysis of ranked difference scores. The Mann-Whitney U Test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test are used to compare two independent groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis Test is used to compare three or more independent groups.

Question 4

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: 
What is the U statistic for this data set?
A)7.5
B)10.5
C)-7.5
D)-10.5

Accepted Answer

To compute the U statistic, we first rank all the scores in the combined data set from lowest to highest. Next, we sum the ranks for each group separately. For males, the sum of ranks is 24.5, and for females, the sum of ranks is 41.5. The smaller of these two sums of ranks is the U statistic. In this case, the U statistic is the sum of ranks for males, which is 24.5. However, since males have the lower scores on attitudes toward drinking, this U statistic is negative. Therefore, the answer is C, -7.5.

Question 5

Which of the following research designs is appropriate for the Wilcoxon rank sum test?
A)between-subjects independent variable with three or more levels and a rank ordered dependent variable.
B)within-subjects independent variable with only two levels and a rank ordered dependent variable.
C)between-subjects independent variable with only two levels and a rank ordered dependent variable.
D)within-subjects independent variable with three or more levels and a rank ordered dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

The Wilcoxon rank sum test is appropriate for comparing two independent groups on a non-parametric or rank ordered dependent variable. Therefore, the appropriate research design would be a between-subjects independent variable with only two levels and a rank ordered dependent variable. Choice A and D include three or more levels of the independent variable, which does not fit the criteria for the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Choice B includes a within-subjects independent variable, which is not appropriate for this test.

Question 6

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: 
What is the U value for group 2?
A)7.5
B)10.5
C)-7.5
D)-10.5

Accepted Answer

The U value for group 2 can be found by summing the ranks of the scores for group 2 (30) and subtracting the sum from the total sample size (40). U = 40 - 30 = 10. Since group 2 includes females, and the mean attitude score for females was lower than for males, it is likely that the U value for group 2 will be negative. Therefore, the correct answer is (C) -7.5.

Question 7

The nonparametric tests presented in the text are based on what type of scores?
A)rank scores
B)z scores
C)t scores
D)F scores

Accepted Answer

The nonparametric tests presented in the text are based on rank scores, such as the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U test. These tests do not rely on any assumption about the distribution of the data, making them useful for non-normal or skewed data.

Question 8

The null hypothesis of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test can be stated in words as follows:
A)The rank sum for each group will be equal,and any differences are due to sampling error.
B)The expected value for each rank sum will be equal to the average of the rank sums for the positive and negative differences.
C)The expected value for difference scores will be less than the average of the rank sums for the positive and negative differences
D)The rank sum for each group will be less than the total rank sum.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The null hypothesis of the Wilcoxon signed-rank...

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions for use of the Kruskal-Wallis test?
A)The independent variable is qualitative
B)The independent variable is quantitative
C)Scores on the dependent variable at least approximate an interval level of measurement.
D)The independent variable has three or more levels.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT one...

Question 10

The first step of doing a rank tests is to rank scores on the dependent variable.This process changes the level of measurement from approximately_____ to _____.
A)interval;ratio
B)nominal;ordinal
C)ordinal;nominal
D)interval;ordinal

Accepted Answer

Ranking scores changes the level of measurement from interval, which involves equal intervals between values, to ordinal, which involves ordering or ranking without assuming equal intervals.

Question 11

In the Wilcoxon sign-rank test,the strength of the relationship can be measured with the matched-pairs rank biserial correlation coefficient.How is the calculated value interpreted for the strength of the relationship?
A)The coefficient is interpreted the same way as the values for Epsilon-squared.
B)The coefficient is interpreted the same way as the values for omega-squared.
C)The coefficient is interpreted the same way as the values for eta-squared.
D)The coefficient is interpreted the same way as the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Accepted Answer

The matched-pairs rank biserial correlation coefficient is interpreted in the same way as the Pearson correlation coefficient, which measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 12

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: 
Which statement below best describes the nature of the relationship for the above data?
A)Women have a more positive attitude toward drinking alcohol than men.
B)Men have a more positive attitude toward drinking alcohol than women.
C)There was only a minimal difference between attitudes toward drinking alcohol for men and women.
D)There was no difference between attitudes toward drinking alcohol for men and women.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher examined the relationship between gender...

Question 13

When ranking scores,what should be done in the case of a tie? (i.e.,two scores that are the same.
A)The scores are placed in random order at the ranks involved.
B)The scores are both assigned the average of the ranks involved.
C)The scores are thrown out.
D)A modification should be made to the computations.

Accepted Answer

When there is a tie between two scores, it is appropriate to assign the average of the ranks involved to both scores. This ensures that the ties do not affect the overall rank order of the other scores. Option A is not a good choice since it is arbitrary and does not take into consideration the actual rank order of the scores. Option C is also not recommended since it can lead to a decrease in the number of scores that are ranked, which can affect the accuracy of the final rankings. Option D is too vague and does not provide any specific guidance on how to handle ties in rankings.

Question 14

According to the assumptions of the rank tests,ties are viewed as the result of
A)restriction in range of the datA.
B)errors in data collection.
C)imprecise measurement of the variable.
D)outliers in the data set.

Accepted Answer

Ties in rank tests are often considered to result from imprecise measurement of the variable, as they occur when different observations have the same value, suggesting a lack of precision in distinguishing between them.

Question 15

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: 
The expected rank sum for group 2 is _______________ group 1.
A)lower than
B)the same as
C)higher than
D)cannot be determined

Accepted Answer

According to the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, the expected rank sum for group 2 is higher than group 1 if the alternative hypothesis is that group 2 has higher attitudes toward drinking alcohol than group 1. This can be calculated by finding the expected rank sum for the larger group (in this case, group 2) using the formula: E(R2) = n1(n1+n2+1)/2 - E(R1). In this case, E(R2) = 14(14+15+1)/2 - 63 = 8, while E(R1) is simply the sum of the ranks for group 1, which is also 63. Therefore, the expected rank sum for group 2 is higher than group 1.

Question 16

The Dunn procedure is analogous to which of the following parametric procedures for determining the nature of the relationship?
A)Tukey HSD
B)examining group means to see which is higher/lower
C)concordance coefficient
D)comparison of mean ranks

Accepted Answer

The Dunn procedure is a non-parametric procedure for determining the nature of the relationship between two or more groups. It is analogous to the Tukey HSD test, which is a parametric procedure for determining the nature of the relationship between two or more groups.

Question 17

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: 
What is the rank sum for group 1?
A)20
B)35
C)30
D)27.5

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher examined the relationship between gender...

Question 18

In the Wilcoxon rank sum test,when sample sizes for two groups are equal,the null hypothesis is
A)the rank sum for each group will be equal,and any differences are due to sampling error.
B)the rank sum for one group will be equal to or higher than the other.
C)the rank sum for one group will be equal to or lower than the other.
D)high scores will be concentrated in one of the conditions.

Accepted Answer

When sample sizes for two groups are equal, the null hypothesis in the Wilcoxon rank sum test is that the rank sum for each group will be equal, and any differences between the groups are due to sampling error. This means that there is no significant difference between the two groups, and any observed differences can be attributed to chance alone.

Question 19

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: 
What is the value for the Glass rank biserial correlation coefficient?
A).20
B).40
C).50
D).60

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher examined the relationship between gender...

Question 20

The alternative hypothesis for the Kruskal-Wallis test can be interpreted as follows:
A)The mean ranks for the conditions should be the same,and any differences are merely due to sampling error.
B)The mean ranks for the conditions will not all be the same.
C)The expected value for the difference scores will be less than the average for the full sample.
D)The value of the H statistic will be lower than a specified critical value.

Accepted Answer

The alternative hypothesis for the Kruskal-Wallis test is that the mean ranks for the conditions will not all be the same. This means that there is a difference between at least two of the groups being compared. Therefore, if the null hypothesis is rejected, we can conclude that there is evidence for a difference between the groups.

Quiz 15: Nonparametric Statistics

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: Compared to a critical value of 2.0,the decision should be to _ because the observed value is _ than the critical value.

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: What is the U value for group one?

Which of the following nonparametric tests involves the analysis of ranked difference scores?

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: What is the U statistic for this data set?

Which of the following research designs is appropriate for the Wilcoxon rank sum test?

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: What is the U value for group 2?

The nonparametric tests presented in the text are based on what type of scores?

The null hypothesis of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test can be stated in words as follows:

Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions for use of the Kruskal-Wallis test?

The first step of doing a rank tests is to rank scores on the dependent variable.This process changes the level of measurement from approximately_ to _.

In the Wilcoxon sign-rank test,the strength of the relationship can be measured with the matched-pairs rank biserial correlation coefficient.How is the calculated value interpreted for the strength of the relationship?

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: Which statement below best describes the nature of the relationship for the above data?

When ranking scores,what should be done in the case of a tie? (i.e.,two scores that are the same.

According to the assumptions of the rank tests,ties are viewed as the result of

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: The expected rank sum for group 2 is _______________ group 1.

The Dunn procedure is analogous to which of the following parametric procedures for determining the nature of the relationship?

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: What is the rank sum for group 1?

In the Wilcoxon rank sum test,when sample sizes for two groups are equal,the null hypothesis is

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: What is the value for the Glass rank biserial correlation coefficient?

The alternative hypothesis for the Kruskal-Wallis test can be interpreted as follows:

Quiz 15: Nonparametric Statistics

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: Compared to a critical value of 2.0,the decision should be to _____ because the observed value is _____ than the critical value.

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: What is the U value for group one?

Which of the following nonparametric tests involves the analysis of ranked difference scores?

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: What is the U statistic for this data set?

Which of the following research designs is appropriate for the Wilcoxon rank sum test?

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: What is the U value for group 2?

The nonparametric tests presented in the text are based on what type of scores?

The null hypothesis of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test can be stated in words as follows:

Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions for use of the Kruskal-Wallis test?

The first step of doing a rank tests is to rank scores on the dependent variable.This process changes the level of measurement from approximately_____ to _____.

In the Wilcoxon sign-rank test,the strength of the relationship can be measured with the matched-pairs rank biserial correlation coefficient.How is the calculated value interpreted for the strength of the relationship?

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: Which statement below best describes the nature of the relationship for the above data?

When ranking scores,what should be done in the case of a tie? (i.e.,two scores that are the same.

According to the assumptions of the rank tests,ties are viewed as the result of

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: The expected rank sum for group 2 is _______________ group 1.

The Dunn procedure is analogous to which of the following parametric procedures for determining the nature of the relationship?

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: What is the rank sum for group 1?

In the Wilcoxon rank sum test,when sample sizes for two groups are equal,the null hypothesis is

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: What is the value for the Glass rank biserial correlation coefficient?

The alternative hypothesis for the Kruskal-Wallis test can be interpreted as follows:

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data: Compared to a critical value of 2.0,the decision should be to _ because the observed value is _ than the critical value.

The first step of doing a rank tests is to rank scores on the dependent variable.This process changes the level of measurement from approximately_ to _.