Question 1

Given the information above,assume that the sample population was not normally distributed what statistical test would be appropriate?
A)Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test
B)Mann-Whitney U test
C)Spearman Rank order
D)Kruskal-Wallis Test
E)none of these

Accepted Answer

The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test is appropriate for non-normally distributed data when comparing two related samples or repeated measurements on a single sample.

Question 2

The nature of the relationship in the independent groups t-test is determined by examining:
A)eta-squared
B)omega squared
C)sample means
D)population means
E)none of these

Accepted Answer

The independent groups t-test examines the difference between sample means to determine the nature of the relationship between groups.

Question 3

Dr.Johnson sets his alpha level at .05 and uses a directional test,his degrees of freedom is 60 what is his critical t?
A)2.00
B)2.021
C)1.671
D)1.684
E)none of these

Accepted Answer

For a one-tailed test with an alpha level of 0.05 and 60 degrees of freedom, the critical t-value is approximately 1.671.

Question 4

The Independent groups t-test assumes _____.
A)normal distribution
B)Dependent V.ratio or interval
C)between subjects design
D)All of these
E)None of these

Accepted Answer

The independent groups t-test assumes normal distribution, is conducted with a between-subjects design, and compares two different groups on a continuous variable, indicating that they differ independently of each other. Therefore, options A, B, and C are all correct, making option D the best answer.

Question 5

Dr.Smith is studying the relationship between the use of a Ipod (portable headphones)and the ability to perceive sounds that have high pitches.She has 2 groups of subjects: one group that does not listen to earphones (N=20)and a group that does listen to earphones (frequently)(N=20).After collecting her data,she has asked you to analyze her results.What statistical test will you use?
A)Correlate t-test
B)Independent t-test
C)One-way ANOVA (between subjects)
D)ANOVA (repeated measures)
E)Two-way ANOVA (between subjects)

Accepted Answer

The best choice would be an independent t-test, which is used to compare the means of two independent groups. This test is appropriate for this situation since Dr. Smith has two distinct groups (one that listens to headphones frequently and one that does not) and wants to see if there is a significant difference in their ability to perceive high-pitched sounds.

Question 6

Dr.Nan is studying the effects of Ginseng on recall.He has 2 groups of subjects, (20 subjects in each group).Subjects are given Ginseng or Placebo and then asked to recall a list of words they previously studied.However,to avoid confounds what should Dr.Nan do?
A)Counterbalance placebo & Ginseng
B)Match groups on an IQ test and assign to groups
C)Randomly assign subjects to groups
D)All of these
E)None of these

Accepted Answer

Counterbalancing would help to control for order effects, but it does not address potential differences in participant characteristics or ensure equal group sizes. Matching groups on an IQ test could help to control for individual differences, but it would not necessarily ensure equal group sizes or prevent other confounds. Randomly assigning subjects to groups is the best option here because it helps to ensure that any individual differences or confounding variables are distributed evenly between the groups, reducing the risk of biased results. However, it is important to note that random assignment does not guarantee that the groups will be perfectly equivalent - it simply helps to minimize the potential for bias. Therefore, the best option is to use all of these strategies together: counterbalancing, matching on relevant variables (such as age or gender), and random assignment.

Question 7

In the study above what type of statistical test,should Dr.Nan use (if subjects have been matched on age or IQ)?
A)Independent t-test
B)Correlated t-test
C)One-way ANOVA (between subjects design)
D)One-way ANOVA (repeated measures)
E)none of these

Accepted Answer

Since the study involves comparing the scores of the same group of individuals before and after an intervention, a correlated t-test (also known as a paired t-test) is the appropriate statistical test to use. This test is used when the data is paired or matched, which is the case when subjects are tested two times, as in this study. ANOVA tests are not appropriate for this type of data, and an independent t-test is used when comparing two independent groups.

Question 8

The calculation of eta²_____when the statistical test is not significant. A)is not necessary B)is misleading C)can be useful D)redundant E)None of these

Accepted Answer

Eta-squared can provide information about the effect size, which can be useful even if the statistical test is not significant, as it helps in understanding the magnitude of the effect.

Question 9

If you have a small sample size what type of statistics should you use?
A)parametric statistics
B)nonparametric statistics
C)descriptive statistics
D)convert to z-scores
E)None of these

Accepted Answer

When the sample size is small, it is recommended to use nonparametric statistics as they do not make assumptions about the distribution of the population. Parametric statistics assume that the data follows a normal distribution, which may not be appropriate with a small sample size. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe the data, but they do not involve hypothesis testing. Converting to z-scores is a way to standardize data, but it does not address the issue of small sample size.

Question 10

The power of a statistical test is influenced by_____.
A)the strength of the relationship between 2 variables
B)sample size
C)alpha level
D)both a & c
E)All of these are correct

Accepted Answer

The power of a statistical test is influenced by the strength of the relationship between variables, sample size, and the alpha level.

Question 11

When sample sizes are small,power will tend to be_____,everything else being equal.
A)low
B)high
C)moderate
D)there is no affect
E)none of these

Accepted Answer

When sample sizes are small, power will tend to be low due to the reduced statistical power to detect true effects.

Question 12

A statistical test led Dr.Jones to incorrectly decide that his independent variable had no affect on the dependent variable,when in fact it did.Dr.Jones committed a(n)
A)Type I error
B)Type II error
C)no error
D)1-a
E)none of these

Accepted Answer

Dr. Jones committed a Type II error, which occurs when a null hypothesis is not rejected, even though it is false. In other words, Dr. Jones failed to detect a difference or relationship between the variables when one actually exists.

Question 13

In the study above the independent variable is_____.
A)the perceived sounds
B)the use of a ipod
C)recall for perceived sounds
D)all of these
E)none of these

Accepted Answer

The independent variable in the study is the use of an iPod, as it is the variable that is being manipulated by the researchers. The other variables, such as the perceived sounds and recall for perceived sounds, are dependent variables or measures of the effect of the independent variable.

Question 14

Dr.Belair is studying the effects of noise exposure on the occurrence of headaches.He exposes 20 subjects to a constant noise in their work environment and asks them to record their headaches.The next week he uses the same subjects without exposing them to noise and measures the number of headaches the subject's record.What statistical test should Dr.Belair use to analyze his data?
A)Independent t-test
B)Correlated t-test
C)One-way ANOVA (between subjects design)
D)One-way ANOVA (repeated measures)
E)None of these

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr.Belair is studying the effects of noise...

Question 15

Statistics that allow you to evaluate your data and generalize to the population are called_____.
A)inferential statistics
B)descriptive statistics
C)reliable
D)statistical power
E)None of these

Accepted Answer

Inferential statistics allow you to make inferences or generalizations about a population based on a sample of data. Descriptive statistics, on the other hand, simply describe the sample data without generalizing to a larger population. Reliability and statistical power are related concepts but do not specifically refer to the ability to generalize to a population.

Question 16

Before a researcher decides what statistical test,he or she should use to analyze their data they should consider the factors below _______.
A)The number of independent variables manipulated
B)Scale of measurement of the dependent variable (quantitative vs.qualitative)
C)Within or between subject design
D)The number of subjects used
E)All of these are correct

Accepted Answer

All of these factors should be considered before choosing a statistical test, as they can influence the appropriateness of different tests. The number of independent variables can determine whether a test is univariate or multivariate, the scale of measurement of the dependent variable can determine whether parametric or non-parametric tests are appropriate, within or between subject design can affect the use of repeated measures ANOVA, and the number of subjects can affect the power of the test. Therefore, it is important to consider all of these factors in order to choose the most appropriate statistical test for your data.

Question 17

A correlated t-test can be used to analyze the relationship between 2 variables except when_____.
A)the independent variable has 2 levels
B)the independent variable is between subject in nature
C)the groups have been matched on some variable
D)the dependent variable is quantitative in nature
E)except nothing,all of these are correct

Accepted Answer

A correlated t-test is used when the independent variable is within subjects or paired, meaning that each participant is tested twice under two different conditions. If the independent variable is between subjects in nature, meaning that participants are assigned to different groups, a correlated t-test cannot be used as there are no paired observations.

Question 18

For an experiment that includes four levels of the single independent variable with 4 levels and,4 different groups are compared,the most appropriate statistical test is the:
A)correlate t-test
B)independent t-test
C)one-way ANOVA (between subjects)
D)ANOVA (repeated measures)
E)Two-way ANOVA (between subjects)

Accepted Answer

The most appropriate statistical test for an experiment with four levels of a single independent variable and four different groups is a one-way ANOVA (between subjects) as it allows for the comparison of means between multiple groups. This type of ANOVA is used when there is only one independent variable and multiple levels of that variable, which is the case in this scenario.

Question 19

If you set your alpha level at .01,nondirectional,and you are using a correlated t-test and have a total of 30 subjects what is your table or critical t ?
A)2.045
B)2.048
C)2.756
D)1.699
E)none of these

Accepted Answer

For a correlated t-test with 29 degrees of freedom (n-1 = 30-1) and an alpha level of .01 for a two-tailed test, the critical t-value is approximately 2.756.

Question 20

The main difference between parametric & nonparametric statistics is that parametric statistics:
A)Makes no assumptions about the population distribution
B)Assumes that the population distribution is normally skewed
C)Assumes that the population distribution is normally distributed
D)Cannot be used when dependent measured on ratio & interval scales
E)All of these are correct

Accepted Answer

Parametric statistics assumes that the population distribution is normal, which means that it assumes that the data follows a specific distribution. On the other hand, nonparametric statistics makes no assumptions about the population distribution, and can be used with any type of data, including non-normal or non-numeric data. The other choices given in the question are not correct as parametric statistics assumes normality and can also be used with ratio and interval scaled data.

Quiz 17: Overview and Extension: Statistical Tests for More Complex Designs

Given the information above,assume that the sample population was not normally distributed what statistical test would be appropriate?

The nature of the relationship in the independent groups t-test is determined by examining:

Dr.Johnson sets his alpha level at .05 and uses a directional test,his degrees of freedom is 60 what is his critical t?

The Independent groups t-test assumes _____.

Dr.Nan is studying the effects of Ginseng on recall.He has 2 groups of subjects, (20 subjects in each group) .Subjects are given Ginseng or Placebo and then asked to recall a list of words they previously studied.However,to avoid confounds what should Dr.Nan do?

In the study above what type of statistical test,should Dr.Nan use (if subjects have been matched on age or IQ) ?

The calculation of eta²_____when the statistical test is not significant.

If you have a small sample size what type of statistics should you use?

The power of a statistical test is influenced by_____.

When sample sizes are small,power will tend to be_____,everything else being equal.

A statistical test led Dr.Jones to incorrectly decide that his independent variable had no affect on the dependent variable,when in fact it did.Dr.Jones committed a(n)

In the study above the independent variable is_____.

Statistics that allow you to evaluate your data and generalize to the population are called_____.

Before a researcher decides what statistical test,he or she should use to analyze their data they should consider the factors below _______.

A correlated t-test can be used to analyze the relationship between 2 variables except when_____.

For an experiment that includes four levels of the single independent variable with 4 levels and,4 different groups are compared,the most appropriate statistical test is the:

If you set your alpha level at .01,nondirectional,and you are using a correlated t-test and have a total of 30 subjects what is your table or critical t ?

The main difference between parametric & nonparametric statistics is that parametric statistics: