Question 1

____ cancer causes the most cancer-related deaths among American men and women.

Accepted Answer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both American men and women. According to the American Cancer Society, it is expected to cause approximately 22% of all cancer deaths in 2020.

Question 2

B vitamins generally function as _____.

Accepted Answer

B vitamins are typically coenzymes, which are compounds that help enzymes perform their necessary reactions. These reactions can include processes like breaking down carbohydrates for energy or building new proteins. While B vitamins are involved in many different functions in the body, their primary role is to act as part of coenzymes.

Question 3

_____ are water-soluble vitamins.

Accepted Answer

Pantothenic acid, vitamin C, and thiamin are water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin D, A, and E are fat-soluble vitamins. Thiamin, vitamin K, and niacin are also water-soluble vitamins, but vitamin C and pantothenic acid are not included in option C. Vitamin A and riboflavin are also fat-soluble vitamins, not water-soluble.

Question 4

Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?

Accepted Answer

Boiling in a saucepan of water can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins because the vitamins can leach out into the cooking water.

Question 5

Which of the following vitamins does not play a direct role in energy metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B-12 plays a role in DNA synthesis, nerve function, and red blood cell production, but does not directly participate in energy metabolism. Thiamin, pantothenic acid, and niacin all play important roles in the conversion of food into energy.

Question 6

Which of the following vitamins is not added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B-6 is not added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process, while thiamin, folic acid and niacin are added as part of the process.

Question 7

The human body can absorb some _____ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

Accepted Answer

Biotin is a vitamin produced by intestinal bacteria that can be absorbed by the body. Vitamin C, riboflavin, and beta-carotene are not produced by intestinal bacteria and therefore cannot be absorbed in this way.

Question 8

_____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.

Accepted Answer

Niacin is added to refined grain products such as white flour as part of the enrichment process to replace the nutrients lost during processing. This is done in order to prevent deficiencies such as pellagra. Vitamin D, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B-6 are not typically added to refined grains as part of the enrichment process.

Question 9

_____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.

Accepted Answer

Thiamin is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process, which includes adding back some of the nutrients lost during the refining process. Choline, Vitamin D, and Vitamin B-6 are not typically added to refined grain products during the enrichment process.

Question 10

The body can store large amounts of _____.

Accepted Answer

The body can store large amounts of vitamin B-12 in the liver, which can last for several years. Thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin C are water-soluble vitamins that are not stored in the body for long periods and must be replenished regularly through diet or supplements.

Question 11

A researcher has isolated an organic,water-soluble chemical from roses.After performing in vivo tests,the scientist determines that the chemical supplies no energy for cells,but protects cell membranes from being damaged by certain environmental factors.Based on this information,the researcher may have discovered a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

The fact that the chemical does not supply energy for cells but protects cell membranes from damage suggests that it may be an antioxidant. Antioxidants are compounds that can neutralize harmful free radicals, which can damage cell membranes and other cellular components. Therefore, the chemical isolated from roses may be an antioxidant that protects cell membranes from environmental damage.

Question 12

Which of the following vitamins is part of a coenzyme that participates in energy metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Pantothenic acid is a component of Coenzyme A, which is essential for energy metabolism.

Question 13

_____ are water-soluble vitamins.

Accepted Answer

Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin are all B-complex vitamins that are water-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body and must be consumed daily in the diet.

Question 14

_____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.

Accepted Answer

Riboflavin is one of the essential B vitamins that are lost during the refining process of grains. As a result, it is added back into refined grains during the enrichment process to increase their nutritional value. Pantothenic acid and vitamin B-6 are also B vitamins that are often added to fortified cereals and bread, but they are not always included in the enrichment process. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is not typically added to refined grains but can be found in some fortified dairy products and cereals.

Question 15

Which of the following organs is the leading site for cancer deaths among American men and women?

Accepted Answer

The lung is the leading site for cancer deaths among both American men and women. In 2020, it was estimated that 135,720 people in the United States would die from lung cancer, making it the most deadly form of cancer.

Question 16

When cooking green beans,Lenny likes to add baking soda to the cooking water,because it keeps the beans from turning olive green.As a result of this practice,Lenny's green beans have _____ than green beans cooked in plain water.

Accepted Answer

Cooking green beans with baking soda can cause a significant loss of vitamin C due to the alkaline environment it creates. Therefore, Lenny's green beans would have less vitamin C than green beans cooked in plain water. The addition of baking soda does not affect the essential amino acid content or fatty acid content of the green beans, and it does not reduce the number of kilocalories.

Question 17

A medical researcher is investigating the chemical and physical properties of a substance that she isolated from the surface of charcoal-grilled meat.When the scientist mixes a small amount of the substance with living human cells,the chemical causes the rapid breakdown of the cells' plasma membranes.She is able to prevent this reaction by adding vitamin C to the mixture of the substance chemical and cells.Based on this information,the scientist has _____.

Accepted Answer

The scientist has determined that the substance isolated from charcoal-grilled meat is an oxidant as it causes the rapid breakdown of cell membranes. The addition of vitamin C prevents this reaction, indicating that the substance is an oxidant and vitamin C is an antioxidant. The experiment was conducted in vitro, which means it was done outside of living organisms. There is no evidence to suggest that the substance could be a potential treatment for cancer, and there is no indication that vitamin C has pro-oxidant activity in this experiment.

Question 18

Sonya has a chronic illness,and to treat the condition,she takes an antibiotic every day.Despite her illness,Sonya's diet is nutritionally adequate,and she exercises regularly.Based on this information,Sonya may need to _____.

Accepted Answer

Sonya takes antibiotics every day, which can disrupt gut bacteria and affect nutrient absorption. Taking a dietary supplement containing biotin can help ensure that she is meeting her nutritional needs. There is no indication that Sonya needs to reduce protein intake, eat more vitamin C-rich foods, or consume fewer foods that contain omega-3 fatty acids based on the given information.

Question 19

An _____ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from free radicals.

Accepted Answer

Antioxidants are the substances that protect vulnerable molecules from free radicals. They neutralize free radicals by donating an electron and thus prevent oxidative damage to cells. Examples of antioxidants are vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and selenium.

Question 20

Jamal wants to lower his risk of cancer.He should _____.

Accepted Answer

Drinking alcohol has been linked to an increased risk of several types of cancer, including breast, liver, and colon cancer. Therefore, avoiding alcohol can be a good way to lower one's risk of cancer. The other options, such as reducing coffee or fiber intake or drinking less water, do not have strong associations with cancer risk reduction.

Quiz 10: Water-Soluble Vitamins

____ cancer causes the most cancer-related deaths among American men and women.

B vitamins generally function as _____.

_____ are water-soluble vitamins.

Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?

Which of the following vitamins does not play a direct role in energy metabolism?

Which of the following vitamins is not added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process?

The human body can absorb some _____ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

_____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.

_____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.

The body can store large amounts of _____.

Which of the following vitamins is part of a coenzyme that participates in energy metabolism?

_____ are water-soluble vitamins.

_____ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.

Which of the following organs is the leading site for cancer deaths among American men and women?

When cooking green beans,Lenny likes to add baking soda to the cooking water,because it keeps the beans from turning olive green.As a result of this practice,Lenny's green beans have _____ than green beans cooked in plain water.

Sonya has a chronic illness,and to treat the condition,she takes an antibiotic every day.Despite her illness,Sonya's diet is nutritionally adequate,and she exercises regularly.Based on this information,Sonya may need to _____.

An _____ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from free radicals.

Jamal wants to lower his risk of cancer.He should _____.