Question 1

The use of learning principles to change problems,such as overeating,unrealistic fears,or temper tantrums,is called

Accepted Answer

The use of learning principles to change behavior problems is an approach in behavior therapy, which is focused on understanding the environmental factors that lead to the behavior and using techniques such as reinforcement, punishment, and modeling to modify the behavior. Psychoanalysis and Gestalt psychotherapy are not specifically based on learning principles, and self-actualized humanism is more focused on personal growth and self-awareness than behavior change.

Question 2

Psychologists in which school of thought believed that thinking,learning,and perception should be studied in whole units rather than analyzing these experiences into smaller parts?

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychology emphasized that people often perceive the whole rather than the sum of their parts, and that the mind organizes information into patterns and wholes, rather than analyzing every detail. Therefore, they believed that studying experiences as complete units was the most effective way to understand human perception and cognition.

Question 3

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning Gestalt Psychology?

Accepted Answer

Gestalt Psychology does not explain behavior in terms of stimuli and responses, but rather focuses on the organization of perceptual experience and how it contributes to our understanding of the world around us.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about B.F.Skinner is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A is false because Skinner did not believe that mental events should be considered in explaining behavior. He believed that behavior could be explained by observable and measurable factors such as environmental stimuli and reinforcement.

Question 5

Freud believed that mental life is like an iceberg with only a small part being exposed to view.He called the area of the mind that is not exposed and which lies outside of personal awareness the

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the vast majority of mental life takes place in the unconscious, which is outside of personal awareness and not readily accessible to conscious thought. Therefore, the correct answer is (A) unconscious. (B) conscious is not the best choice because it refers to the part of the mind that is within personal awareness. (C) superego is not the best choice because it is a specific part of the conscious mind that is responsible for enforcing moral and ethical standards. (D) frame of reference is not the best choice because it is a term used in psychology to describe the context or perspective from which someone perceives or evaluates information.

Question 6

Strict,or radical,behaviorists were criticized for overlooking the role that which of the following plays in our lives?

Accepted Answer

Strict behaviorists only focused on observable behavior and ignored the cognitive processes that occur within an individual's mind. Thinking plays a significant role in our day-to-day lives and influences our behavior, but it cannot be directly observed. Therefore, it was overlooked by strict behaviorists. Rewards, punishments, and stimuli were still important concepts in behaviorism.

Question 7

Skinner's view of psychology has led to some criticism of his tendency to

Accepted Answer

Skinner believed that behavior could be explained purely by observable stimuli and responses, without the need to speculate about internal mental processes such as thoughts or emotions. This view has been criticized for ignoring the complexity of human experience and failing to account for the influence of subjective factors on behavior.

Question 8

As used by Freud,the unconscious refers to

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the unconscious refers to the area of the mind that lies outside of personal awareness. It includes repressed memories, emotions, and thoughts that are too threatening to be consciously acknowledged. Choice A is incorrect as it implies that forgetting is a consciously controlled process. Choice C is a metaphorical representation of the levels of consciousness and not a definition of the unconscious. Choice D is incorrect as it implies that all forgotten things are part of the unconscious, which is not necessarily the case.

Question 9

Which of the following theorists is associated with Gestalt psychology?

Accepted Answer

Max Wertheimer is associated with Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes how people organize and perceive visual stimuli as well as the importance of the whole versus the individual parts.

The other answer choices are associated with behaviorism (Pavlov, Skinner) and classical conditioning (Watson).

Question 10

Patrick borrows his mother's car keys and tries to start the car as he has seen his parents do so often.Their neighbor,who is a psychologist,explained that Patrick modeled his parents' driving behavior because he had the expectation of being rewarded with the fun of driving.This explanation best fits which psychological viewpoint?

Accepted Answer

The psychologist's explanation for Patrick's behavior suggests that he had cognitive expectations of being rewarded for driving, which aligns with the principles of cognitive behaviorism.

Question 11

To solve problems in your life,a Gestalt psychologist might

Accepted Answer

Gestalt psychology emphasizes the importance of looking at the whole picture rather than breaking it down into individual parts. Therefore, a Gestalt psychologist would likely suggest exploring patterns in behavior as a whole rather than analyzing each action separately. Options A, C, and D are not consistent with the principles of Gestalt psychology.

Question 12

In shaping our personalities,Freud stressed the role of

Accepted Answer

Freud emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in shaping our personalities, including unresolved conflicts from childhood experiences. He believed that our personality is shaped by the interactions between our conscious and unconscious minds.

Question 13

The "whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is the slogan of the

Accepted Answer

The concept of "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is a central principle of Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes the importance of viewing objects and events as a whole, rather than as individual parts. This principle is often applied in fields such as perception, cognition, and problem-solving.

Question 14

The founder of psychoanalytic psychology was

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is considered the founder of psychoanalytic psychology. He developed theories and techniques for treating mental illness that involved the exploration of the unconscious mind and the role of early childhood experiences in shaping adult behavior.

Question 15

If you heard only the individual notes of your favorite song played one per hour,you would not recognize it.However,when these notes are played together in the correct order and close in time as a melody,your favorite song is easily recognizable.The importance of being able to hear a melody rather than individual notes illustrates which school of thought in psychology?

Accepted Answer

This scenario highlights the concept of Gestalt psychology, which emphasizes the importance of organizing sensory information into meaningful patterns and wholes (such as melodies) rather than analyzing individual components (such as individual notes).

Question 16

When we see a painting by George Seurat,the famous French impressionist,we tend to experience it as a rendering of a lovely landscape rather than as the series of separate,differently colored dots of which the painting is actually composed.This phenomenon illustrates which school of thought in psychology?

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question is an example of the Gestalt psychology principle of "the whole is more than the sum of its parts." This principle suggests that our experience of a visual scene is not just a simple combination of its individual elements but depends on the organization and interpretation of those elements as a whole. Seurat's painting is composed of small dots of different colors, but our perception of it is of a beautiful landscape.

Question 17

You frequently visit a particular website because it offers free streaming videos.Your psychology professor explains that you are not only rewarded by the pleasure of watching interesting videos each time you go to the site,but you also expect to find free videos at the site.This explanation best fits which psychological viewpoint?

Accepted Answer

The explanation provided by the professor suggests that the individual's behavior is influenced by their expectations and beliefs about the consequences of visiting the website, which is a key concept in cognitive behaviorism.

Question 18

The psychological view that combines thinking (and the expectation of the reward)with learning theory is known as

Accepted Answer

Cognitive behaviorism combines the principles of behavioral psychology, which focuses on the study of observable behaviors, with cognitive psychology, which emphasizes the importance of mental processes such as thinking and reasoning. This approach acknowledges that our thoughts and expectations about rewards can influence our learning and behavior.

Question 19

Max Wertheimer is associated with which one of the following schools of thought?

Accepted Answer

Max Wertheimer is one of the co-founders of Gestalt psychology.

Question 20

Which theorist believed that our behavior is deeply influenced by unconscious thoughts,impulses,and desires,especially those concerning sex and aggression?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud believed in the concept of the unconscious mind and how it influences our behavior, including our desires and impulses related to sex and aggression. He developed psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the role of the unconscious in shaping personality and behavior.

Quiz 4: Introducing Psychology: Psychology Then and Now