Question 1

A child will usually first display separation anxiety around the ages of

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety typically begins to emerge around eight to 12 months of age and peaks between 12 and 18 months. However, it can also be present earlier or later in development.

Question 2

Which of the following may underlie the tendency of children to become attached to inanimate objects,such as blankets or stuffed toys?

Accepted Answer

Contact comfort is the term used to refer to the calming and comforting feeling that a baby experiences when it is in physical contact with its mother or caregiver. This feeling of comfort is believed to be due to the release of the hormone oxytocin, which can help to reduce stress and promote feelings of attachment. When a child becomes attached to an inanimate object, such as a blanket or stuffed toy, it is thought to be because the object provides a similar feeling of comfort and security. This attachment may be seen as a way for the child to cope with stress or separation anxiety. Imprinting refers to the process by which some animals form strong bonds with the first moving object they see after birth, and egocentrism refers to the belief that one's own perspective is the only true perspective. Conditions of worth refer to the belief that one is only valuable or worthy of love and acceptance if they meet certain conditions or criteria, which can lead to a sense of insecurity and a lack of self-worth. None of these concepts are likely to explain the tendency of children to become attached to inanimate objects.

Question 3

In the attachment study with baby monkeys and surrogate mothers,one made of wire and one made of terry cloth,the baby monkeys spent most of their time with

Accepted Answer

The baby monkeys in the attachment study spent most of their time with the terry cloth surrogate mother, even when the wire surrogate mother provided food. This suggests that physical comfort and contact is more important than nourishment in the development of attachment.

Question 4

To investigate mother-infant relationships,Harry Harlow

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow separated baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers at birth and replaced them with wire and terry cloth surrogate mothers to investigate mother-infant relationships. This allowed him to test the importance of contact comfort in the formation of these relationships.

Question 5

Eric's father is in the military and has been away from home for over nine months without leave and has not seen his son since Eric was two months old.Eric's father comes home and is anxious to spend time with his wife and son.However,during the first few hours of his return,Eric cries and screams when he is alone with his father (without his mother being present).Eric is exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Eric's behavior is characteristic of separation anxiety, which is common in infants and toddlers when they are separated from their primary caregiver. In this case, Eric's mother is likely his primary caregiver, and he may be feeling anxious or stressed when she is not present with him. This is a normal developmental response and should subside with time as Eric becomes more comfortable with his father's presence.

Question 6

A close emotional bond that infants form with parents,caregivers,or others is called

Accepted Answer

Emotional attachment is the term used to describe the close, emotional bond that infants form with their primary caregivers, such as parents or other trusted adults. This bond involves seeking comfort and security from their caregivers and provides a sense of safety and protection. Separation anxiety is a common symptom of emotional attachment, where infants become upset when separated from their caregivers. Social referencing refers to the process by which infants and young children look to their caregivers for guidance in new or uncertain situations. Imprinting is a term used to describe the process by which certain animals form strong attachments to their caregivers soon after birth or hatching, often associated with following or imitating the first moving object they see.

Question 7

Harlow's finding that baby monkeys preferred the terry cloth surrogate mother to a wire mother demonstrated the importance of which of the following in the formation of emotional attachments?

Accepted Answer

Harlow's study showed that the baby monkeys preferred the terry cloth surrogate mother even when the wire mother provided food, suggesting that the attachment was formed based on the comfort and security provided by contact with the soft and warm terry cloth mother. This demonstrates the importance of contact comfort in the formation of emotional attachments.

Question 8

Regarding emotional attachment,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Research has shown that mothers start forming emotional attachments with their babies soon after birth, and attachment continues to develop and deepen over time.

Question 9

When the infant monkeys in the attachment study were frightened by rubber snakes,they

Accepted Answer

In the attachment study done by Harlow, when the infant monkeys were frightened by rubber snakes, they ran to the terry cloth surrogate mother for security. This shows that the monkeys had developed a stronger attachment to the soft and comforting terry cloth surrogate mother, rather than the wire surrogate mother that provided food.

Question 10

Distress displayed by infants separated from their parents or caregivers is called

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety is the distress displayed by infants when they are separated from their parents or caregivers. Social referencing refers to infants looking at their parents or caregivers for cues on how to react to unfamiliar situations. Imprinting is a form of learning in which young animals form a strong attachment to the first moving object they see. Insecure-avoidant attachment refers to infants who show little emotion when their caregiver leaves or returns, indicating a lack of attachment.

Question 11

Contact comfort refers to the

Accepted Answer

Contact comfort refers to the pleasant and reassuring feeling that infants get from physical contact, especially with their mother, who is often associated with warmth, softness, and nourishment. This concept was first introduced by psychologist Harry Harlow in the context of his experiments with infant monkeys, which showed that the need for contact comfort and social bonding is as strong as the need for food and water in early development. Contact comfort is thought to promote emotional security, trust, and attachment between infants and caregivers, which are important foundations for healthy social and emotional development later in life. The other choices are not accurate descriptions of the concept of contact comfort. A refers to the process of forming an early attachment or imprinting to a specific object or animal, which is related to but distinct from contact comfort. B refers to a more general form of social bonding that can occur between any adult and child, but does not specifically capture the benefits of physical touch and warmth that are associated with contact comfort. C refers to the conditional love and acceptance that one may receive from others, which is based on meeting certain standards or expectations, and is unlikely to foster the feelings of security and trust that are characteristic of contact comfort.

Question 12

To investigate mother-infant relationships,which of the following researchers separated baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers at birth and replaced them with wire and terry cloth surrogate (substitute)mothers?

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow conducted this experiment in the 1950s to study the effects of maternal deprivation and the importance of contact comfort in mother-infant relationships. He found that the monkeys preferred the soft terry cloth mother over the wire mother, even if the wire mother provided food, demonstrating the importance of physical touch and comfort in early development.

Question 13

The development of self-awareness,attachment to parents and caregivers,and relationships with other children and adults is referred to as _______ development.

Accepted Answer

The development of self-awareness, attachment, and relationships with others are all aspects of social development. Social development includes the acquisition of social skills and abilities necessary to interact with others, form relationships, and navigate social situations. Personality development encompasses a broader range of factors, such as temperament, behavior, and emotions. Reciprocal development refers to the mutual influence that children and their environments have on each other, while transactional development considers how the child's experiences interact with genetic and biological factors to shape development. However, social development is the most appropriate choice given the specific areas mentioned in the question.

Question 14

Crying and signs of fear displayed by infants when they are left alone or with a stranger is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety is a common behavior in infants when they are separated from their primary caregiver or left with a stranger. They may start crying, have trouble sleeping, and may become clingy or irritable. This behavior is a sign of attachment and trust in their caregiver, and it typically develops around 6-8 months of age.

Question 15

At what age do babies generally become truly attached to their mothers,crawling after her if they can,with attachments to other people occurring shortly thereafter?

Accepted Answer

Babies generally become truly attached to their mothers around seven months of age, with crawling after her if they can. Attachments to other people occur shortly thereafter. This is based on research in developmental psychology and attachment theory.

Question 16

Harlow's studies of surrogate monkey mothers showed that

Accepted Answer

Harlow's studies showed that when infant monkeys were frightened, they ran to the terry cloth surrogates for security and comfort. This suggests that the monkeys formed a strong attachment to the soft and comforting surrogate, even in the absence of food.

Question 17

The pleasant,reassuring feeling infants get from touching something soft and warm,especially their mother,is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Contact comfort is the term used to describe the reassuring feeling infants get from touching something soft and warm, especially their mother. This feeling of security and comfort is thought to be a crucial aspect of early attachment and bonding between parents and infants. Surrogate bonding, imprinting, and unconditional positive regard are not related to this specific aspect of infant development.

Question 18

Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the existence of emotional attachment in humans?

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety is a clear indication of emotional attachment. It is a distressing emotion that is experienced when the attachment figure is not present or when there is a threat of separation. This is commonly observed in human infants and is a sign of the emotional bond they have formed with their caregivers. Learning to walk, imprinting, and language development are all important developmental milestones but do not necessarily demonstrate emotional attachment.

Question 19

A mother usually begins to feel attached to her baby

Accepted Answer

Maternal attachment typically begins during pregnancy as the mother feels the baby's movements and prepares for the baby's arrival. While the bonding process may continue and strengthen after birth, it often begins before the baby is born.

Question 20

The sensitive period during which emotional attachment must occur for optimal development is the

Accepted Answer

According to research, the sensitive period during which emotional attachment must occur for optimal development is the first year of life. During this time, infants form strong bonds with their primary caregivers, which lays the foundation for healthy social and emotional development. While attachment can begin to form immediately after birth, it is crucial that it continues to develop and strengthen throughout the first year of life. Therefore, option D is the best choice.

Quiz 14: Human Development: Emotional and Social Development in Childhood