Question 1

The perspective that explains learning as a mental expectancy of an upcoming association between two events is known as

Accepted Answer

The informational view of learning suggests that individuals create mental associations between two events and develop an expectancy of the relationship between them. This perspective highlights the role of cognitive processes in learning.

Question 2

Classical conditioning occurs when the

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus (NS) is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US), resulting in the neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR). In this process, the neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus through repeated pairings, leading to a learned response. Therefore, option C best describes the process of classical conditioning, where the neutral stimulus (NS) is followed by, or associated with, an unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 3

In classical conditioning,which of the following extends learning one or more steps beyond the original conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning involves using a previously conditioned stimulus as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning session, thus extending the learning beyond the original conditioned stimulus. The other choices do not involve extending learning in this way.

Question 4

To observe conditioning,one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny's mouth.By repeating this procedure several times,you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell.Conditioning will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS.In this example,the CS would be

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus is the conditioned stimulus. In this case, the bell is the neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus of the lemon juice, resulting in Johnny salivating to the sound of the bell.

Question 5

In higher-order conditioning,a well-learned CS serves as which type of stimulus in a new pairing situation?

Accepted Answer

In higher-order conditioning, a well-learned CS serves as an unconditioned stimulus in a new pairing situation. This means that the previously conditioned stimulus now elicits a conditioned response on its own, without the need for the original unconditioned stimulus to be present.

Question 6

To observe conditioning,one could ring a bell and squirt lemon juice into Johnny's mouth.By repeating this procedure several times,you could condition Johnny to salivate to the bell.Conditioning will be most rapid if the US follows immediately after the CS.In this example,the US would be

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) naturally triggers a response without any conditioning. In this example, the lemon juice naturally causes salivation. By pairing the lemon juice (US) with the bell (conditioned stimulus or CS), Johnny can be conditioned to associate the bell with the lemon juice and eventually salivate to the sound of the bell alone (conditioned response or CR). Therefore, the lemon juice is the US in this example.

Question 7

To test the presence of classical conditioning,you would omit the

Accepted Answer

Omitting the US (unconditioned stimulus) is the best choice to test the presence of classical conditioning. If the animal or person still shows a conditioned response (CR) to the CS (conditioned stimulus), then classical conditioning is present.

Question 8

In his experiments,Pavlov found that conditioning worked best if the CS was presented

Accepted Answer

Pavlov found that conditioning worked best if the CS was presented just before the US, as this created a predictable association between the two stimuli. If the CS was presented at the same time as the US, it may not be as effective in creating a strong association. If the CS was presented just after the US, it may not be clearly paired with the US in the animal's mind. Presenting the CS instead of the US would not create a clear association between the two stimuli as the US is the crucial element in creating a conditioned response.

Question 9

In a television commercial,an advertiser shows a party scene with many college-age students having a great time.The advertiser's product,a new lite­beer,is prominently displayed in the scene.This advertiser is hoping that his product will become associated with fun.Therefore,when a college student is in a store,he or she will associate this new beer will good feelings and fun.The advertiser is depending on which of the following to sell his product?

Accepted Answer

The advertiser is hoping to create a positive association between the product (new lite-beer) and a positive emotion (fun) through classical conditioning. This is higher-order conditioning because the positive emotion (fun) is being associated with the product (new lite-beer) through its association with an already established conditioned stimulus (the party scene).

Question 10

Justin became fearful of doctors and nurses because doctors and nurses were paired with painful shots.Justin's doctor has his office in a round brick building.Now any round brick building will elicit fear and crying from Justin.
Becoming fearful of round brick buildings because they were associated with his doctor is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of higher-order conditioning because the fear response that was originally conditioned to the painful shots and associated with the doctors and nurses has now been transferred or generalized to the round brick building, which was paired with the doctor.

Question 11

Advertisers often try to use higher-order conditioning by

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus (in this case, the product) with a well-established positive stimulus (in this case, images that evoke good feelings). By pairing the two stimuli, the product becomes associated with the positive feelings and thus more likely to be purchased by consumers.

Question 12

Three-year-old Josh has been classically conditioned to salivate to a bell.We now clap our hands and then ring the bell.Little Josh will soon learn to salivate when we clap our hands because of

Accepted Answer

This scenario involves higher-order conditioning, since the conditioned response (salivation) is being elicited by a conditioned stimulus (clapping) that has been associated with another conditioned stimulus (the bell) through classical conditioning.

Question 13

A nurse elicits fear and anxiety as a result of being present when a child received a shot.If this same nurse is paired with a thermometer,the child may also learn to fear the thermometer.This situation demonstrates

Accepted Answer

This situation demonstrates higher-order conditioning, as the fear and anxiety originally elicited by the nurse (in response to the shot) have become associated with other stimuli present during the event (such as the thermometer). This is a form of classical conditioning that involves a previously neutral stimulus (the thermometer) becoming associated with a conditioned stimulus (the nurse) and eliciting a conditioned response (fear and anxiety).

Question 14

For optimal conditioning,the minimum delay between the CS and US should be

Accepted Answer

The optimal delay between the CS and US is generally considered to be around half a second to five seconds. This is known as the "trace interval" and is the most effective for classical conditioning. Delay intervals longer than this may result in weaker or no conditioning, while delay intervals shorter than this may result in response habituation.

Question 15

Those who advocate the information view of conditioning believe the end product of conditioning to be

Accepted Answer

Those who advocate the information view of conditioning believe that the end product of conditioning is mental expectations about events, rather than just automatic responses.

Question 16

In higher-order conditioning,the

Accepted Answer

In higher-order conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus (the CS) that has been paired with a US in classical conditioning is then used as if it were a US to condition another neutral stimulus. Therefore, the CS is used as if it were a US.

Question 17

During training,a conditioned response must be established and strengthened during the period known as

Accepted Answer

Acquisition is the period of training where a conditioned response is established and strengthened through repeated pairings of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus. The other options (instrumental step, shaping, latent learning) are not specifically related to the acquisition of a conditioned response.

Question 18

Regarding the informational view,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Pavlov believed in the stimulus-response model and did not attribute higher mental processes to classical conditioning. He believed that it was a simple association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 19

The term for the initial phase of conditioning when the CS and US are paired is termed

Accepted Answer

Acquisition refers to the initial phase of classical conditioning when the CS and US are paired together. This is the time when the association between the two stimuli is being established. The other options are not related to this specific phase of conditioning.

Question 20

Which of the following involves using a well-learned conditioned stimulus (CS)as an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Accepted Answer

Higher-order conditioning involves using a well-learned conditioned stimulus (CS) as an unconditioned stimulus (US) to condition a new CS.

Quiz 29: Conditioning and Learning: Classical Conditioning