Question 1

Which of the following demonstrates perceptual learning?

Accepted Answer

Perceptual learning refers to a change in the way sensory information is processed and interpreted by the brain as a result of experience. Professional wine tasters are an example of perceptual learning because they have developed a heightened ability to distinguish between subtle differences in flavor and aroma as a result of their years of experience and training.

Question 2

Which model suggests that stimulus representations are formed vaguely at first but develop specificity over time by incorporating more and more details as the stimulus is repeated?

Accepted Answer

Differentiation theory suggests that stimulus representations are formed vaguely at first but develop specificity over time by incorporating more and more details as the stimulus is repeated. Dual-process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processing, automatic and controlled. The comparator theory suggests that perception involves comparisons between sensory input and existing knowledge or memory. Priming theory suggests that exposure to a stimulus can influence an individual's response to a subsequent stimulus.

Question 3

According to dual-process theory,when stimuli are highly arousing:

Accepted Answer

According to dual-process theory, when stimuli are highly arousing, sensitization processes determine the response. Sensitization processes result in an increased response to a stimulus after repeated exposure, rather than a decreased response as seen in habituation processes.

Question 4

Under which condition would we expect the skin conductance response to reveal sensitization?

Accepted Answer

Sensitization occurs when a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a strong emotional or physiological response due to its pairing with an aversive or arousing stimulus. Playing a loud noise right before a neutral musical tone would likely induce an emotional or physiological response, leading to sensitization. Playing a quiet noise or a neutral musical tone repeatedly would not elicit a strong emotional or physiological response, and playing a loud noise repeatedly could lead to habituation rather than sensitization.

Question 5

Sensitization:

Accepted Answer

Sensitization requires fewer exposures to a stimulus than habituation does. It is a process where an organism becomes more responsive to a stimulus after repeated exposures, often to something potentially harmful or irritating, whereas habituation involves becoming less responsive to a harmless, repeated stimulus over time.

Question 6

The phenomenon of perceptual learning suggests that the other-race effect can be reduced by:

Accepted Answer

The other-race effect, which is the tendency to more easily recognize faces of the race that one is most familiar with, can be reduced by increasing exposure to and experience with faces from other racial groups. Training people to distinguish between several faces of other racial groups helps in improving their ability to recognize and remember those faces, thereby reducing the other-race effect.

Question 7

Training an individual to respond differently to different stimuli is known as:

Accepted Answer

Discrimination training involves teaching an individual to respond differently to different stimuli, by reinforcing the appropriate response to each stimuli. Mere exposure refers to becoming more favorable towards something due to repeated exposure to it, sensitization is when an individual becomes more responsive to a stimulus over time, and priming refers to the activation of certain associations or concepts in memory due to exposure to related priming stimuli.

Question 8

According to dual-process theory,repeated exposure to a soft tone will lead to a:

Accepted Answer

Repeated exposure to a soft tone typically leads to habituation, where the response to the stimulus decreases over time, rather than sensitization, which usually occurs with more intense stimuli.

Question 9

A child who is exposed to a foreign language may have an easier time learning that language later on in life.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Mere exposure learning refers to an increase in liking or preference for a stimulus after repeated exposure to it. In this case, the child is being exposed to a foreign language, which may make it more familiar and easier to learn later on in life.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of learning specificity?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an example...

Question 11

Learning in which repeated experience with a set of stimuli makes those stimuli easier to distinguish is known as:

Accepted Answer

The learning described in the question, where repeated exposure to stimuli improves the ability to perceive and distinguish them, is known as perceptual learning. Habituation involves a decrease in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus, while sensitization involves an increase in responsiveness. Dishabituation is the recovery of a response to a habituated stimulus when a novel stimulus is presented.

Question 12

When rats learn to run through mazes,they:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that rats rely heavily on visual cues in the environment when running through mazes, rather than relying solely on a sequence of motor movements or their sense of smell. Additionally, rats are capable of using multiple cues to navigate through mazes, including visual, olfactory, and tactile cues. However, they may become confused if placed in a new starting position due to their reliance on specific cues in a given environment.

Question 13

According to comparator models,habituation occurs because:

Accepted Answer

Comparator models suggest that habituation occurs when the brain recognizes a stimulus as familiar and well-represented, leading to a suppression of orienting responses.

Question 14

Which model suggests that both sensitization and habituation occur in response to every stimulus presentation,and it is the summed combination of these two independent processes that determines the strength of responding?

Accepted Answer

The Dual-Process Theory proposes that every stimulus presentation elicits both sensitization and habituation, and the combined effects of these two independent processes determine the strength of responding.

Question 15

In studies of rats learning to find their way through a maze,Tolman & Honzik found that: rats that were:

Accepted Answer

Tolman & Honzik found that rats that were rewarded every day and rats that started receiving rewards on the 11th day learned the maze equally well, suggesting that the rats had formed a cognitive map of the maze rather than simply learning a set of stimulus-response associations. The rats that were never rewarded did not learn the maze as well as the other two groups. Therefore, choice C is the best answer as it accurately reflects the result of the study.

Question 16

Comparator theory provides the best account of:

Accepted Answer

Comparator theory suggests that perceptual learning resulting from discrimination training occurs due to the formation of a memory trace that represents the difference, or "error," between the sensory input and a comparison standard. This theory does not directly address short-term habituation or sensitization effects or mere exposure effects.

Question 17

Which model proposes that the brain forms a representation of a stimulus,compares this with a memory representation,and makes an orienting response if there is no match?

Accepted Answer

The model that proposes that the brain forms a representation of a stimulus, compares this with a memory representation, and makes an orienting response if there is no match is the Comparator Theory. Therefore, the best choice is option B.

Question 18

Rats that are exposed to circles and triangles for a month can learn to discriminate between these two shapes more quickly than rats not exposed to the shapes.This finding demonstrates:

Accepted Answer

This finding demonstrates mere exposure learning, which is the phenomenon of becoming more familiar or comfortable with a stimulus simply by being exposed to it repeatedly.

Question 19

Which theory provides the BEST account of short-term habituation and sensitization effects?

Accepted Answer

The dual-process theory is specifically designed to explain both habituation and sensitization by proposing two underlying neural processes that occur simultaneously, making it the best account for these effects.

Question 20

Studies in which wasps' potential landmarks were removed demonstrated that:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that when potential landmarks are removed, wasps have difficulty navigating and often cannot find their way back to their nests. This suggests that landmarks are an important part of wasp navigation.

Quiz 3: Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization: Learning About Repeated Events