Question 1

In the peak shift effect,the maximum response during generalization is:
A)to the nonreinforced stimulus.
B)to the reinforced stimulus.
C)shifted toward the nonreinforced stimulus.
D)shifted away from the nonreinforced stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The peak-shift effect occurs when the maximum response to a stimulus is shifted away from the nonreinforced (or punished) stimulus and towards a stimulus that is more distinct from it, indicating a change in preference or discrimination based on the reinforcement history.

Question 2

The rapid expansion of resources required to encode configurations as their number of component features increases produces:
A)the consequential region.
B)a combinatorial explosion.
C)the generalization gradient.
D)a topographic representation.

Accepted Answer

Combinatorial explosion refers to the exponential growth in resources required to encode configurations as the number of component features increases. This is a common problem in computational models and can lead to significant computational challenges.

Question 3

Suppose we pair a light and a tone in the first phase of a sensory preconditioning paradigm.If we then pair just the light with a food pellet,such that the light elicits a salivation response,the tone presented alone will:
A)elicit no response.
B)elicit salivation only if the light is presented at the same time.
C)suppress salivation.
D)elicit salivation.

Accepted Answer

In sensory preconditioning, a neutral stimulus (tone) is paired with another neutral stimulus (light) in the first phase. In the second phase, the light is then paired with a biologically significant stimulus (food), resulting in a learned response of salivation. Since the tone was paired with the light in the first phase, it becomes associated with the food in the second phase even though it was never directly paired with the food. Therefore, the tone presented alone in a subsequent phase will also elicit the learned response of salivation. Thus, the correct answer is D) elicit salivation.

Question 4

Blough's study using two different fixed-ratio schedules to reward pigeons for pecking at lights below or above 597nm demonstrated the operation of _________ and __________.
A)sensory preconditioning;discrete-component networks
B)the error-correction mechanism of the Rescorla-Wagner model;discrete-component networks
C)the shared-elements mechanism;the error-correction mechanism of the Rescorla-Wagner model
D)the shared-elements mechanism;sensory preconditioning

Accepted Answer

The answer of Blough's study using two different fixed-ratio schedules...

Question 5

When prior training that two stimuli are equivalent increases the amount of generalization between them,it is known as:
A)acquired equivalence.
B)sensory preconditioning.
C)discrimination training.
D)negative patterning.

Accepted Answer

Acquired equivalence is the phenomenon in which prior training that two stimuli are equivalent increases the amount of generalization between them. This means that if two stimuli have been trained to be equivalent, a response to one of the stimuli will also be observed to the other stimulus, even if it has not been specifically trained. Sensory preconditioning refers to the phenomenon in which exposure to two stimuli in a non-contingent relationship can lead to the later association of the two stimuli. Discrimination training involves training an individual to respond differently to two stimuli, while negative patterning involves training an individual to respond to two stimuli separately, but not when they are presented together.

Question 6

If we use a red light and a blue light as our stimuli in a negative patterning task,we would reward responding:
A)to one light but not the other.
B)only when both lights are on at the same time.
C)only to a purple light.
D)to either light alone but not when both are on at the same time.

Accepted Answer

In a negative patterning task, the subject is trained to respond to individual stimuli but not to the combination of those stimuli. Therefore, the correct response is to either light alone but not when both are on at the same time.

Question 7

Stimulus features that are easy to dissociate are called ______ features.
A)separable
B)configural
C)integral
D)consequential

Accepted Answer

Separable features are those that can be easily distinguished or dissociated from one another.

Question 8

In a single-layer network using a discrete-component representation,negative patterning:
A)is represented by assigning a weight of 1 to one stimulus and a weight of 0 to the other.
B)is represented by assigning a weight of 1 to both stimuli and a weight of 0 to their combination.
C)is represented by assigning a weight of 1 to both stimuli and to their combination.
D)cannot be represented in any way that would make the network respond correctly.

Accepted Answer

Negative patterning, where a response is required to individual stimuli but not to their combination, cannot be represented in a single-layer network using discrete-component representation due to its linear nature. This limitation arises because a single-layer network cannot perform the XOR operation, which is needed for negative patterning.

Question 9

Suppose you train a dog to come running for food when you whistle a 60 dB whistle and also train the same dog to NOT come running when you whistle a 70 dB whistle.According to the peak shift effect,which of the following whistles would then lead to the dog's fastest running?
A)50 dB
B)60 dB
C)70 dB
D)80 dB

Accepted Answer

The peak shift effect suggests that the dog will respond most strongly to a stimulus that is further away from the non-reinforced stimulus (70 dB) in the direction of the reinforced stimulus (60 dB), so 50 dB would lead to the fastest running.

Question 10

One solution to the problem of combinatorial explosion is to design a network in which:
A)there is no internal representation layer.
B)nodes in the internal layer can be designated as configural nodes as needed.
C)the weights between the input nodes and the internal layer are fixed weights.
D)the weights between the output nodes and the internal layer are fixed weights.

Accepted Answer

By allowing nodes in the internal layer to be designated as configural nodes as needed, the network can selectively attend to important features or combinations of features without having to consider all possible combinations at once, thus avoiding combinatorial explosion. The other choices do not provide a solution to the problem of combinatorial explosion.

Question 11

Chloe learned that babies who cry a lot also have trouble sleeping.When she later learned that babies who have trouble sleeping tend to be highly intelligent,she inferred that babies who cry a lot are also highly intelligent.This relationship is an example of:
A)acquired equivalence.
B)sensory preconditioning.
C)discrimination training.
D)negative patterning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chloe learned that babies who cry a...

Question 12

Negative patterning is difficult to learn because it requires the organism to suppress its tendency to:
A)make a motor response.
B)discriminate.
C)categorize.
D)generalize.

Accepted Answer

Negative patterning requires the organism to learn that a combination of cues predicts a different outcome than each cue alone, which is difficult because it goes against the organism's natural tendency to generalize or apply the learned response to similar stimuli.

Question 13

Marissa was trained to sort some blocks based on their color.Her sister Alli was trained to sort the same blocks,based on their shape.If we test both girls on their ability to discriminate the blocks,based on either shape or color,we should find that:
A)both girls will perform well on shape discrimination but not so well on color discrimination.
B)both girls will perform well on color discrimination but not so well on shape discrimination.
C)Marissa will perform better on color discrimination than shape discrimination.
D)Alli will perform better on color discrimination than shape discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Marissa was specifically trained to sort blocks based on color, so she will perform better on color discrimination.

Question 14

What is the name of the phenomenon in which prior presentation of a compound stimulus results in a later tendency for learning about one stimulus of the compound to generalize to the other stimulus?
A)acquired equivalence
B)sensory preconditioning
C)discrimination training
D)negative patterning

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is called sensory preconditioning, where learning about one stimulus in a compound stimulus facilitates the generalization of learning to the other stimulus in the compound. Acquired equivalence refers to the ability to generalize learning to similar (but not identical) stimuli, discrimination training involves teaching an organism to differentiate between two stimuli, and negative patterning involves learning to respond differently to two individual stimuli than to a compound stimulus that consists of both of them together.

Question 15

According to Spence,the peak shift effect occurs because the:
A)observed response is given by the difference between the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients.
B)organism ignores the excitatory generalization gradient.
C)organism ignores both the excitatory and the inhibitory generalization gradients.
D)observed response is given by the inhibitory generalization gradient.

Accepted Answer

The peak shift effect occurs because the observed response is given by the difference between the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients. This means that the organism does not completely ignore either gradient, but rather the response is influenced by both, resulting in the peak shift effect.

Question 16

In negative patterning,the connection from a configural node to the output node is given a:
A)negative weight that cancels the weights from the individual cues,leading to no response to the compound stimulus.
B)negative weight that cancels the weights from the individual cues,leading to an increased response to the compound stimulus.
C)weight of 0,leading to no response to the compound stimulus.
D)weight of 0,leading to an increased response to the compound stimulus.

Accepted Answer

In negative patterning, the compound stimulus consists of two cues that are separately associated with the outcome, but when presented together, they do not result in the outcome. The connection from the configural node to the output node receives a negative weight that cancels out the positive weights from the individual cues, resulting in no response to the compound stimulus. This is known as negative patterning or the "blank-out" effect.

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding configural nodes?
A)They are part of the input layer of a discrete-component representation.
B)They are part of the input layer of a distributed representation.
C)They respond only when a combination of input nodes are active.
D)Their connection to the output node has a positive weight.

Accepted Answer

Configural nodes are specialized nodes that respond only when a specific combination of input nodes are active, allowing for the representation of complex patterns or configurations.

Question 18

Blough (1975)used two different fixed-ratio schedules to reward pigeons for pecking at lights below or above 597nm.He found that pecking:
A)gradually decreased as the wavelength of the light increased.
B)gradually increased as the wavelength of the light increased.
C)was lowest just above 597nm and highest just below 597nm.
D)was highest just above 597nm and lowest just below 597nm.

Accepted Answer

Blough found that pecking was highest just above 597nm and lowest just below 597nm. This suggests that pigeons were more sensitive to short-wavelength (blue) lights than long-wavelength (red) lights.

Question 19

Aidan plays well with his brother,and he plays well with his sister,but when Aidan tries to play with both of them together the three of them just ends up arguing.This is an example of:
A)discrimination training.
B)negative patterning.
C)sensory preconditioning.
D)acquired equivalence.

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of negative patterning, where an individual learns to respond differently to two stimuli presented together than to each stimulus presented alone. While Aidan plays well with his brother and sister alone, when they are together, he responds negatively and argues with them.

Question 20

Gavin often gets punched by Tyler,the school bully.Gavin is also afraid of Tyler's twin brother,Tristan,since Tristan looks just like Tyler.This is an example of:
A)similarity-based generalization.
B)meaning-based generalization.
C)negative patterning.
D)sensory preconditioning.

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of similarity-based generalization, as Gavin is afraid of Tristan solely based on the fact that he looks like Tyler, who bullies him.

Quiz 6: Generalization and Discrimination Learning

In the peak shift effect,the maximum response during generalization is:

The rapid expansion of resources required to encode configurations as their number of component features increases produces:

Suppose we pair a light and a tone in the first phase of a sensory preconditioning paradigm.If we then pair just the light with a food pellet,such that the light elicits a salivation response,the tone presented alone will:

Blough's study using two different fixed-ratio schedules to reward pigeons for pecking at lights below or above 597nm demonstrated the operation of _ and __.

When prior training that two stimuli are equivalent increases the amount of generalization between them,it is known as:

If we use a red light and a blue light as our stimuli in a negative patterning task,we would reward responding:

Stimulus features that are easy to dissociate are called ______ features.

In a single-layer network using a discrete-component representation,negative patterning:

Suppose you train a dog to come running for food when you whistle a 60 dB whistle and also train the same dog to NOT come running when you whistle a 70 dB whistle.According to the peak shift effect,which of the following whistles would then lead to the dog's fastest running?

One solution to the problem of combinatorial explosion is to design a network in which:

Chloe learned that babies who cry a lot also have trouble sleeping.When she later learned that babies who have trouble sleeping tend to be highly intelligent,she inferred that babies who cry a lot are also highly intelligent.This relationship is an example of:

Negative patterning is difficult to learn because it requires the organism to suppress its tendency to:

Marissa was trained to sort some blocks based on their color.Her sister Alli was trained to sort the same blocks,based on their shape.If we test both girls on their ability to discriminate the blocks,based on either shape or color,we should find that:

What is the name of the phenomenon in which prior presentation of a compound stimulus results in a later tendency for learning about one stimulus of the compound to generalize to the other stimulus?

According to Spence,the peak shift effect occurs because the:

In negative patterning,the connection from a configural node to the output node is given a:

Which of the following is true regarding configural nodes?

Blough (1975) used two different fixed-ratio schedules to reward pigeons for pecking at lights below or above 597nm.He found that pecking:

Aidan plays well with his brother,and he plays well with his sister,but when Aidan tries to play with both of them together the three of them just ends up arguing.This is an example of:

Gavin often gets punched by Tyler,the school bully.Gavin is also afraid of Tyler's twin brother,Tristan,since Tristan looks just like Tyler.This is an example of: