Question 1

Which type of cell is responsible for axonal insulation within the brain?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendroglia cells are responsible for axonal insulation within the brain. Schwann cells are responsible for axonal insulation in the peripheral nervous system. Astrocytes provide structural support and regulate the environment around neurons, while ependymal cells are involved in the production and regulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 2

Match each of the given terms that is used when mapping the nervous system with the term that is its opposite: ventral-_____; medial-_____; ipsilateral-_____.

Accepted Answer

- Ventral is opposite to dorsal.
- Medial is opposite to lateral.
- Ipsilateral refers to structures on the same side of the body, so its opposite would be contralateral, which refers to structures on the opposite side of the body. The only option with this opposite is B.

Question 3

Clefts in the neocortex are called _____.

Accepted Answer

Clefts in the neocortex are called sulci, which are the grooves or furrows on the surface of the brain. Gyri refers to the ridges or bumps between the sulci, while aqueducts and ventricles are structures within the brain that are not related to the neocortex.

Question 4

The _____ is a major way station between the sensory organs and the neocortex.

Accepted Answer

The thalamus is a major way station between the sensory organs and the neocortex, serving as a relay center for incoming sensory information such as visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli. The cerebellum is involved in motor coordination and balance, the amygdala plays a role in emotional processing, and the putamen is a structure within the basal ganglia involved in motor control.

Question 5

The _____ is NOT part of the basal ganglia.

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is not part of the basal ganglia. It is a separate structure located in the medial temporal lobe and is important for memory formation and retrieval. The basal ganglia consists of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra.

Question 6

The _____ is usually considered to have six layers of cells and makes up over 80 percent of the total brain.

Accepted Answer

The neocortex is the part of the brain that is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as sensory perception, spatial reasoning, conscious thought, and language. It is usually considered to have six layers of cells and makes up over 80 percent of the total brain. The hippocampus is a small part of the brain involved in memory formation, the frontal lobe is responsible for decision-making and cognitive function, and the cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movement and balance.

Question 7

Purkinje cells are located in the _____

Accepted Answer

Purkinje cells are large, highly branched neurons located in the cerebellum of the brain. They receive input from multiple sources and are important for motor coordination and learning. The reticular formation is a network of neurons in the brainstem that is involved in arousal and attention, the corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, and the septum is a brain structure involved in emotional regulation. None of these areas are associated with Purkinje cells.

Question 8

Which is NOT a part of the adult brain of fish, amphibians, and reptiles?

Accepted Answer

The myelencephalon is not a part of the adult brain of fish, amphibians, and reptiles. The other three structures (rhombencephalon, prosencephalon, mesencephalon) are present in their brains.

Question 9

Which type of cranial nerve is NOT involved in the control of eye movements?

Accepted Answer

The vagus nerve is primarily involved in the control of the thoracic and abdominal viscera, and not in the control of eye movements. The oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves are all involved in controlling eye movements.

Question 10

How many thoracic segments are in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

There are 12 thoracic segments in the spinal cord, which are numbered T1-T12. These segments correspond to the 12 thoracic vertebrae in the spine.

Question 11

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by the _____.

Accepted Answer

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by the ependymal cells, which are specialized epithelial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Oligodendroglia cells and Schwann cells are types of glial cells that support and insulate neurons, while astrocytes play a role in regulating the extracellular environment around neurons.

Question 12

The _____ is located in the epithalamus.

Accepted Answer

The pineal body, also known as the pineal gland, is located in the epithalamus of the brain. The other options are located in different areas of the brain.

Question 13

Experimental stimulation of which section of the brainstem produces a state of "general arousal" or "consciousness"?

Accepted Answer

The reticular system, located in the brainstem, is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle and general arousal. Experimental stimulation of this area has been shown to produce a state of consciousness or heightened arousal. The other options (medulla, pons, periaqueductal gray) are involved in different functions such as basic life-sustaining processes, motor control, and pain modulation, but not specifically related to arousal or consciousness.

Question 14

Which is NOT one of the meninges, the protective coverings over the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

The vermis layer is not one of the meninges. The three meninges are the dura mater (outermost layer), the arachnoid layer (middle layer), and the pia mater (innermost layer).

Question 15

The frontal lobes are formed from the _____.

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobes are one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and are part of the telencephalon, which is the most advanced part of the brain that governs higher cognitive functions, such as decision-making, planning, and problem-solving. The prosencephalon gives rise to the forebrain, which includes the telencephalon and diencephalon. The rhombencephalon gives rise to the hindbrain, which includes the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Therefore, neither A nor D is the correct answer.

Quiz 3: Extension: C - Nervous System Organization