Question 1

Although the phrenologists were misguided in many respects, Gall actually did report, more or less accurately, the first case of _____ following left frontal damage.
A) cortical blindness
B) hysterical paralysis
C) loss of the ability to speak
D) personality change

Accepted Answer

Phrenologists believed in the localization of specific mental functions in different regions of the brain, which has been discredited. However, Gall did accurately report the case of a patient who lost the ability to speak following left frontal damage, which is now known as Broca's aphasia.

Question 2

Two individuals developed similar theories of evolution at about the same time. Charles Darwin was one; the other was _____.
A) William Osler
B) Pierre Flourens
C) Pierre Marie
D) Alfred Wallace

Accepted Answer

Alfred Wallace co-discovered the theory of evolution by natural selection independently of Charles Darwin in the mid-1850s. The two scientists jointly presented their findings in a joint paper to the Linnean Society of London in 1858.

Question 3

The cortical area MOST closely associated with speech comprehension is the _____ lobe.
A) temporal
B) frontal
C) occipital
D) parietal

Accepted Answer

The temporal lobe is the area of the brain responsible for speech comprehension and processing. This area contains the primary auditory cortex, which receives and processes auditory information, including speech. Additionally, the Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe, is responsible for understanding spoken language and interpreting its meaning.

Question 4

Apraxia is the inability to:
A) learn a new motor skill.
B) produce articulate speech.
C) make sequences of movements.
D) combine sensory stimuli into a coherent perception.

Accepted Answer

Apraxia is characterized by the inability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements. It is not due to a lack of understanding or motor weakness but rather a disruption in the brain's ability to plan and execute the movements.

Question 5

Following damage to his frontal lobes, subject L. D. had lasting impairments in:
A) visual perception.
B) attention.
C) motor-skill acquisition.
D) balance.

Accepted Answer

Damage to the frontal lobes can result in impairments in attention, including difficulty with sustaining attention and shifting attention between tasks. Visual perception, motor-skill acquisition, and balance are not typically associated with damage to the frontal lobes.

Question 6

Which of the following supported a cardiac hypothesis of behavior?
A) Plato
B) Galen
C) Aristotle
D) Hippocrates

Accepted Answer

Aristotle supported the cardiac hypothesis of behavior, believing that the heart was the center of sensation and movement, while the brain was merely a cooling organ.

Question 7

Darwin's principle that all animals' nervous systems evolved from that of a common ancestor predicted that:
A) all living things can in theory be traced back to the same ancient unknown ancestor.
B) over time, nervous systems have come to have increasingly more in common at the neural level.
C) functionally different structures in different species share common ancestral genes and mechanisms.
D) brain-behavior relationships have remained largely unchanged during the course of evolution.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Darwin's principle that all animals' nervous systems...

Question 8

Early support for lateralization and localization of function came from postmortem studies of:
A) humans who had recovered function following stroke.
B) decorticate dogs trained on memory tasks.
C) regional differences in cell density.
D) humans with language disorders.

Accepted Answer

Early support for lateralization and localization of function, particularly in the context of language, came from postmortem studies of humans with language disorders. These studies, including the famous cases of Broca and Wernicke, showed that damage to specific areas of the brain resulted in distinct language deficits, supporting the idea that different brain regions are specialized for different functions.

Question 9

Materialism is the philosophical position that all behavior can be explained by the:
A) workings of the physical nervous system and body alone.
B) interaction of the physical brain and nonphysical soul.
C) motivated pursuit of material well-being.
D) flow of cerebrospinal fluid between ventricles and muscles.

Accepted Answer

Materialism in psychology posits that all behavior can be explained through the workings of the physical nervous system and body alone, without invoking any non-physical entities such as the soul or spiritual forces. It emphasizes the role of biological and environmental factors in shaping human behavior and development.

Question 10

If a person believes that brain function is only the source of some behaviors, it is accurate to refer to that person as a:
A) mentalist.
B) behaviorist.
C) materialist.
D) dualist.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If a person believes that brain function...

Question 11

The hypothesis that the ability to speak depends on the left frontal lobe is an example of:
A) antilocalizationism.
B) lateralization of function.
C) mentalism.
D) phrenology.

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis that the ability to speak depends on the left frontal lobe reflects the idea of lateralization of function, which suggests that different cognitive functions are localized in specific areas of the brain. This specific hypothesis relates to the lateralization of language processing in the brain. A) Antilocalizationism would reject this idea. C) Mentalism is a broader philosophy of mind that includes different views on the relationship between the brain and cognitive processes. D) Phrenology is a pseudoscientific approach that suggests that the shape of the skull reflects the development of different mental abilities.

Question 12

Descartes was an articulate proponent of _____.
A) monism
B) dualism
C) the cardiac hypothesis
D) nonmaterialism

Accepted Answer

Descartes was a proponent of dualism, which argues that there are two distinct substances in the universe: material substance (body) and immaterial substance (mind/soul).

Question 13

With respect to the "mind-brain" problem, followers of Wallace and Darwin would MOST likely consider themselves to be _____.
A) mentalists
B) materialists
C) dualists
D) agnostics

Accepted Answer

Followers of Wallace and Darwin would most likely consider themselves materialists, as they believe that mental processes arise from physical processes in the brain. They reject the idea of a separate non-physical mind or soul, which aligns with the materialist perspective.

Question 14

The brain and spinal cord together make up the _____ nervous system.
A) autonomic
B) peripheral
C) central
D) somatic

Accepted Answer

The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions, such as breathing and heart rate, while the peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord to all parts of the body. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions, such as movement of the limbs.

Question 15

Neuropsychology uses information from many disciplines. Which discipline is NOT one of those?
A) ethology
B) pharmacology
C) biophysics
D) mycology

Accepted Answer

Mycology is not a relevant discipline to neuropsychology. Ethology is the study of animal behavior, pharmacology deals with the study of drugs and their effects, biophysics deals with the application of physics to biological systems, while mycology is the study of fungi.

Question 16

Although all of the individuals listed made contributions to our knowledge of the lateralization of language functions in the brain, _____ is generally credited with the MOST important findings.
A) Dax
B) Bouillaud
C) Marie
D) Broca

Accepted Answer

Broca is generally credited with the most important findings regarding the localization of language functions in the brain, specifically the discovery of the region now known as Broca's area, which is involved in speech production. While Dax, Bouillaud, and Marie also made contributions to this field of study, Broca's work on language and the brain is considered the most influential.

Question 17

The currently used medical diagnosis "persistent vegetative state" MOST closely reflects the nervous system's:
A) hierarchical organization.
B) conduction aphasia.
C) localization of function.
D) Hebb synapse.

Accepted Answer

The persistent vegetative state is a condition in which a person is awake but unresponsive. This is due to damage to the cerebral cortex, which is the highest level of the nervous system. The cerebral cortex is responsible for higher-level functions such as consciousness, thought, and language. Damage to the cerebral cortex can therefore lead to a loss of these functions, resulting in a persistent vegetative state.

Question 18

The folds or bumps characteristic of the cerebral cortex are called:
A) gyri.
B) sulci.
C) lobes.
D) nuclei.

Accepted Answer

Gyri are the raised folds on the surface of the cerebral cortex, while sulci are the grooves or indentations between them. Together, these gyri and sulci create the characteristic wrinkled appearance of the brain. Therefore, choices A and B are both correct. Choices C and D are incorrect as lobes refer to larger divisions of the brain, and nuclei refer to clusters of neurons located deeper within the brain.

Question 19

The corpus callosum is the largest of the brain's:
A) subcortical nuclei.
B) commissures.
C) cortical lobes.
D) sensory nerves

Accepted Answer

The corpus callosum is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain and is the largest commissure in the brain. It allows for communication and coordination between the two sides of the brain. The other options are not accurate - subcortical nuclei are clusters of neurons located beneath the cortex, cortical lobes are the four main regions of the cerebral cortex, and sensory nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain.

Question 20

Communication between cerebral hemispheres occurs via the:
A) somatic nerves.
B) lateral fissure.
C) arcuate fasciculus.
D) corpus callosum.

Accepted Answer

The corpus callosum is a broad band of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres and allow communication between them.

Quiz 1: Extension: A - The Development of Neuropsychology

Although the phrenologists were misguided in many respects, Gall actually did report, more or less accurately, the first case of _____ following left frontal damage.

Two individuals developed similar theories of evolution at about the same time. Charles Darwin was one; the other was _____.

The cortical area MOST closely associated with speech comprehension is the _____ lobe.

Apraxia is the inability to:

Following damage to his frontal lobes, subject L. D. had lasting impairments in:

Which of the following supported a cardiac hypothesis of behavior?

Darwin's principle that all animals' nervous systems evolved from that of a common ancestor predicted that:

Early support for lateralization and localization of function came from postmortem studies of:

Materialism is the philosophical position that all behavior can be explained by the:

If a person believes that brain function is only the source of some behaviors, it is accurate to refer to that person as a:

The hypothesis that the ability to speak depends on the left frontal lobe is an example of:

Descartes was an articulate proponent of _____.

With respect to the "mind-brain" problem, followers of Wallace and Darwin would MOST likely consider themselves to be _____.

The brain and spinal cord together make up the _____ nervous system.

Neuropsychology uses information from many disciplines. Which discipline is NOT one of those?

Although all of the individuals listed made contributions to our knowledge of the lateralization of language functions in the brain, _____ is generally credited with the MOST important findings.

The currently used medical diagnosis "persistent vegetative state" MOST closely reflects the nervous system's:

The folds or bumps characteristic of the cerebral cortex are called:

The corpus callosum is the largest of the brain's:

Communication between cerebral hemispheres occurs via the: