Question 1

Puberty is defined as _________.

Accepted Answer

Puberty refers to the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development is stimulated by hormonal changes. A is partially correct, as the production of hormones in the reproductive glands is part of puberty, but it doesn't encompass all of it. B and D are incorrect as they do not refer to the biological processes of puberty.

Question 2

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of__________.

Accepted Answer

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of preconventional morality according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. In this stage, individuals follow rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards.

Question 3

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlines three broad levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional, each comprising two stages, to describe the progression of moral reasoning from childhood through adulthood.

Question 4

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk. This would be characteristic of__________.

Accepted Answer

Liz's decision-making is based on her own moral principles, rather than just following laws or societal norms (conventional morality) or making decisions based on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards (preconventional morality). Her actions reflect a higher level of moral reasoning and personal ethical principles, which align with postconventional morality.

Question 5

According to some research, children develop their understanding of gender roles quite early, perhaps by the age of __________.

Accepted Answer

By the age of 2, children begin to develop an understanding of gender roles.

Question 6

At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms?

Accepted Answer

In postconventional moral development, individuals have developed their own set of moral principles and values that they believe in and may even go against societal norms in order to uphold these principles. This stage is characterized by a focus on individual rights and justice, rather than just obeying rules or avoiding punishment (as in the preconventional and conventional stages).

Question 7

Martin Hoffman conducted research that found that by early adolescence, most children have developed a sophisticated sense of ________, or the ability to understand the feelings of another person.

Accepted Answer

Hoffman's research found that most children have developed empathy. Empathy refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person, while pity and sympathy refer to feeling sorry for someone without necessarily understanding their emotions. Prosociality refers to behavior that benefits others, but does not necessarily involve understanding their emotions.

Question 8

The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age______.

Accepted Answer

The growth spurt for boys typically begins around age 13. This is when the hormone testosterone begins to be produced in large amounts, leading to rapid physical growth and changes in body composition.

Question 9

Saul believes in the Golden Rule and desperately wants people to view him as a good person. Most likely, he is in which level of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Saul's desire to be viewed as a good person and adherence to the Golden Rule suggest he is in the conventional level of moral development. At this stage, individuals are concerned with conforming to societal norms and expectations, and their behavior is often guided by the desire to be seen as good by others.

Question 10

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?

Accepted Answer

Brad's decision is based on the potential for personal punishment, which aligns with the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development. This level is characterized by an individual's response to moral dilemmas being guided by the consequences to themselves, such as punishment, rather than a higher level of ethical reasoning.

Question 11

Lawrence Kohlberg is credited with advancing our understanding of how children approach________, or situations where children have to entertain the pros and cons for a set of possible actions.

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development focuses on how individuals approach moral dilemmas, or situations where they must weigh the potential consequences of different actions and make a decision based on their own ethical values. His theory has three levels of moral reasoning (pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional) that individuals progress through as they mature and encounter more complex moral dilemmas.

Question 12

Maccoby and Jacklin (1987) found that 4-year-old children spend three times as much time with their same sex peers as they do with the opposite sex. By the time the children were 6 years old, they spent _____ as much time with their own sex peers versus the opposite sex.

Accepted Answer

Maccoby and Jacklin (1987) found that by the time children were 6 years old, they spent 11 times as much time with their same-sex peers as they did with the opposite sex.

Question 13

What marks the beginning of adolescence?

Accepted Answer

The beginning of adolescence is marked by the onset of puberty, which usually occurs between the ages of 8-13 years for girls and 9-14 years for boys. The physical changes that occur during puberty, such as growth spurts, the development of sexual characteristics, and hormonal changes, are the main factors that mark the beginning of this developmental stage.

Question 14

Edmund is a Boy Scout. While on a camping trip, the scout leader tells the boys to stay away from the lake. Some of the scouts ignore the leader and go fishing by the lake anyway. Edmund wants to do what the leader tells him and believes that good behaviors are rewarded while bad behaviors are punished. Which level of moral reasoning is he in?

Accepted Answer

Edmund's reasoning is based on the consequences of actions (rewards and punishments), which is characteristic of the preconventional level of moral reasoning.

Question 15

According to Freud, Bryanna, a young girl, should learn more about gender roles from her________.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, children learn about gender roles and their own gender identity through identification with their same-sex parent, known as the Oedipus or Electra Complex. Bryanna, being a girl, would identify with her mother for gender role learning.

Question 16

A child's conscience usually develops by the age of ________ years.

Accepted Answer

A child's conscience typically starts to develop around the age of 3 years, as they begin to understand the difference between right and wrong and start to exhibit feelings of guilt when they do something they've been taught is wrong.

Question 17

The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called ________.

Accepted Answer

Adolescence is the period of life that matches the given description. Puberty is a developmental stage that typically occurs during adolescence, but is not the entire period of adolescence. Tweens generally refers to the years immediately before adolescence, and young adulthood begins after adolescence has ended.

Question 18

________ refers to the beliefs, desires, values, and attributes that define a person to himself or herself.

Accepted Answer

Self-concept refers to the overall framework of beliefs, attitudes, and values that a person holds about himself or herself. It includes one's self-image, beliefs about one's abilities and limitations, and overall sense of identity. Self-esteem and self-efficacy are components of self-concept, but they do not encompass the full range of beliefs and attributes that make up self-concept. Self-identity is a related but distinct concept, referring more specifically to one's sense of belonging to a particular group or culture.

Question 19

According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Accepted Answer

Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for being male-centric, arguing that it did not adequately account for the way women approach moral problems, which often emphasize care and relationships rather than justice and rights.

Question 20

Jevon and his sister Lea are opening their presents on Christmas morning. Lea opens up a beautiful doll with a dress and lovely blond hair. Jevon says, "Ew, that is a girl's toy." Jevon clearly has some established gender _______ for playtime behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jevon and his sister Lea are opening...

Quiz 9: Psychology Over the Life Span: Growing Up, Growing Older, Growing Wiser