Question 1

In Erikson's __________stage of psychosocial development,preschoolers are challenged to control their own behavior.
A)trust versus mistrust
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)initiative versus guilt
D)industry versus inferiority

Accepted Answer

In Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage, preschoolers are indeed challenged to control their own behavior, as they begin to assert power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions. This stage typically occurs around the ages of 3 to 5 years.

Question 2

________ is the behavior associated with being male or female.
A)Sex
B)Gender identity
C)Gender role
D)Gender

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ is the behavior associated with being...

Question 3

In Harry Harlow's study of attachment,the primary factor in determining the baby monkeys' attachment figure was ___________.
A)contact comfort
B)food
C)safety
D)water

Accepted Answer

Harlow's study found that the baby monkeys formed attachments based on the physical and emotional comfort provided by their surrogate mothers, even if the surrogate did not provide food. The monkeys preferred contact with the warm, soft, and comforting surrogate over the cold, wire surrogate that provided food. Therefore, contact comfort was the primary factor in determining attachment figures.

Question 4

Attachment usually takes place within the first __________of life.
A)year
B)month
C)six months
D)four months.

Accepted Answer

Attachment typically takes place within the first six months of life, as infants develop close bonds and emotional connections with their primary caregivers during this time. While some attachment may occur during the first few weeks or months, research suggests that it is during the first six months that infants form lasting emotional bonds with their caregivers.

Question 5

Mothers who were unresponsive,insensitive,and coldly rejecting were associated with __________ attached infants.
A)securely
B)avoidant
C)ambivalent
D)disorganized-disoriented

Accepted Answer

Infants with unresponsive, insensitive, and rejecting mothers tend to develop an avoidant attachment style. This means they learn to suppress their need for closeness and affection because they do not believe their caregiver is available or responsive to their needs.

Question 6

___________babies in Ainsworth's study were clinging and unwilling to explore,very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother's presence,protested mightily when the mother left,were hard to soothe,and had mixed reactions upon mother's return.
A)Secure
B)Avoidant
C)Ambivalent
D)Disorganized/disoriented

Accepted Answer

This describes the behavior of babies classified as "Ambivalent" in Ainsworth's study.

Question 7

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 5,his third stage,as characterized by the major challenge of ______.
A)identity versus role diffusion
B)industry versus inferiority
C)initiative versus guilt
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of social development views the period from ages 3 to 5 as the third stage, which is characterized by the major challenge of initiative versus guilt. During this stage, children begin to develop a sense of initiative as they explore their environment and take on new challenges. However, they may also experience feelings of guilt if they perceive their actions as hurtful or damaging to others. This stage is crucial for the development of confidence and a positive self-image.

Question 8

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called___________.
A)temperament
B)attachment
C)trust
D)habituation

Accepted Answer

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called attachment. Choice A, temperament, refers to an individual's innate personality traits. Choice C, trust, is related to attachment but does not fully capture the complexity of the emotional bond. Choice D, habituation, refers to a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure, and is not relevant to the question.

Question 9

Between the ages of 5 and 12 children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and effort.Erikson refers to this stage of life as ___________.
A)trust versus mistrust
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)initiative versus guilt
D)industry versus inferiority

Accepted Answer

Erikson refers to the stage between the ages of 5 and 12 as the stage of industry versus inferiority, where children strive to develop a sense of competence through their work and effort. This stage is characterized by the need to master skills, develop a sense of efficacy, and gain recognition from others for one's accomplishments. Children who are successful in this stage will develop a sense of pride and confidence, while those who are not will experience feelings of inferiority and inadequacy.

Question 10

If a child is exposed to the "Strange Situation," then he or she ___________.
A)should receive immediate medical attention
B)will view novel and eccentric stimuli
C)will be in a room with other children that he or she does not know
D)will be left with a stranger or alone in an unfamiliar situation

Accepted Answer

The "Strange Situation" is a laboratory procedure for assessing infant attachment to their primary caregiver. During the procedure, the child is left alone or with a stranger in an unfamiliar environment, and the behavior of the child is observed when the caregiver returns. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. The other options do not accurately describe the "Strange Situation" procedure.

Question 11

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the "Strange Situation"?
A)the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
B)aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
C)parental discipline styles in the first year of life
D)the nature of attachment between caregivers and children

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth was trying to determine the nature of attachment between caregivers and children through her experimental method called the "Strange Situation".

Question 12

Chester is irritable,loud,and negative most of the time.He does not like it when new people pick him up,and he has irregular sleeping,eating,and waking schedules.What temperament does he exhibit?
A)active
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)difficult
D)easy

Accepted Answer

Chester's irritability, negativity, and dislike of new people indicate that he has a difficult temperament. His irregular sleeping, eating, and waking schedules also suggest that he may find it challenging to adapt to routines and transitions.

Question 13

Ernie is a quiet child who is very slow to adapt to change.However,if he is introduced gradually to new people or situations,then eventually he will accept them without too much distress.Thomas and Chess would say his temperament is ______.
A)active
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)difficult
D)easy

Accepted Answer

Ernie's slow adaptation to new people or situations is a characteristic of slow-to-warm-up temperament, which is defined by Thomas and Chess as a child who is initially hesitant to embrace new experiences but will eventually adapt with repeated exposure. This temperament is distinct from active temperament (A) characterized by high levels of energy and sociability, difficult temperament (C) characterized by intense emotional reactions and negative moods, and easy temperament (D) characterized by adaptability and positive mood.

Question 14

Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behavior?
A)trust versus mistrust
B)initiative versus guilt
C)industry versus inferiority
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Accepted Answer

The psychosocial crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt occurs during the toddler years when the child is learning to assert their independence and control their actions. The goal is for the child to develop a sense of autonomy and self-confidence, but they may experience shame and doubt if they are criticized or punished for their attempts at independence.

Question 15

Research on the stability of temperament indicates that it is _____________.
A)unstable and subject to wide variations over the course of a lifetime
B)unstable during childhood but stabilizes during adolescence and remains stable throughout a person's adult life
C)relatively stable through the first three to four years of life but begins to vary dramatically once a child reaches school age
D)relatively stable well into adulthood

Accepted Answer

Research on temperament has consistently shown that it is relatively stable well into adulthood. While there may be some variations and shifts in response to life events, overall, temperament is a consistent aspect of personality.

Question 16

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants__________.
A)do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return
B)protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns
C)cry if the mother leaves the room,are easily soothed,and welcome her back when she returns
D)are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns. They show distress upon separation but are able to be comforted and trust that their caregiver will return.

Question 17

According to Erikson,if an elementary school child fails to succeed in learning new skills and knowledge,the result may be the development of a sense of _________.
A)stagnation
B)inferiority
C)shame and doubt
D)role confusion

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage that corresponds to elementary school age is Industry vs Inferiority. During this stage, children learn to master new skills and knowledge. If they are not successful, they may develop a sense of inferiority. Therefore, the best choice is B, inferiority.

Question 18

If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development,they will make decisions and act independently.
A)integrity vs.despair
B)autonomy vs.shame and doubt
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)basic trust vs.mistrust

Accepted Answer

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt is the stage where children learn to assert their independence by making decisions and acting on their own. If they successfully navigate this stage, they develop a sense of autonomy and self-confidence.

Question 19

Like any 4-month-old,Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers.When Amy cries,her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs.According to Erikson,Amy is developing a sense of ___________.
A)trust
B)mistrust
C)autonomy
D)initiative

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the first stage is Trust vs. Mistrust, which occurs during infancy (0-1 year). In this stage, infants develop a sense of trust when their basic needs are consistently met and they feel secure and cared for. As Amy's parents quickly respond to her needs when she cries, she is developing trust in her environment and in her caregivers. Autonomy (C) and Initiative (D) are later stages of development.

Question 20

Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent,and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?
A)secure
B)avoidant
C)ambivalent
D)disorganized

Accepted Answer

Babies with an avoidant attachment style do not show distress when the mother leaves and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger. This behavior may be a defense mechanism to avoid getting too close to a caregiver who may be inconsistent or rejecting.

Quiz 7: Development Across the Life Span

In Erikson's __________stage of psychosocial development,preschoolers are challenged to control their own behavior.

________ is the behavior associated with being male or female.

In Harry Harlow's study of attachment,the primary factor in determining the baby monkeys' attachment figure was ___________.

Attachment usually takes place within the first __________of life.

Mothers who were unresponsive,insensitive,and coldly rejecting were associated with __________ attached infants.

___________babies in Ainsworth's study were clinging and unwilling to explore,very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother's presence,protested mightily when the mother left,were hard to soothe,and had mixed reactions upon mother's return.

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 5,his third stage,as characterized by the major challenge of ______.

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called___________.

Between the ages of 5 and 12 children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and effort.Erikson refers to this stage of life as ___________.

If a child is exposed to the "Strange Situation," then he or she ___________.

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the "Strange Situation"?

Chester is irritable,loud,and negative most of the time.He does not like it when new people pick him up,and he has irregular sleeping,eating,and waking schedules.What temperament does he exhibit?

Ernie is a quiet child who is very slow to adapt to change.However,if he is introduced gradually to new people or situations,then eventually he will accept them without too much distress.Thomas and Chess would say his temperament is ______.

Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behavior?

Research on the stability of temperament indicates that it is _____________.

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants__________.

According to Erikson,if an elementary school child fails to succeed in learning new skills and knowledge,the result may be the development of a sense of _________.

If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development,they will make decisions and act independently.

Like any 4-month-old,Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers.When Amy cries,her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs.According to Erikson,Amy is developing a sense of ___________.

Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent,and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?