Question 1

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?
A)classical conditioning
B)insight learning
C)vicarious learning
D)operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Taste aversions are a specific example of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (such as a food) becomes associated with an unpleasant or harmful experience (such as illness or nausea) causing an acquired aversion to the taste of the food.

Question 2

The Law of Effect was proposed by:
A)Titchener.
B)Watson.
C)Skinner.
D)Thorndike.

Accepted Answer

The Law of Effect was proposed by Edward Thorndike in the early 1900s, stating that behaviors that are followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unsatisfying outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This principle heavily influenced the development of behaviorism, which was further developed by Skinner.

Question 3

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?
A)present the tone alone repeatedly
B)present the puff of air alone repeatedly
C)increase the loudness of the tone
D)increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye

Accepted Answer

By repeatedly presenting the tone alone without the puff of air, the participant's association between the tone and blinking will weaken and eventually be extinguished. This is known as extinction learning. Presenting the puff of air alone may actually strengthen the association between the tone and blinking, making it more difficult to extinguish. Increasing the loudness of the tone or the amount of air directed toward the eye is not relevant to extinguishing the blinking response.

Question 4

Thorndike is to _______ as Skinner is to _______.
A)reinforcement; Law of Effect
B)Law of Effect; reinforcement
C)reinforcement; punishment
D)positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's Law of Effect was the foundation of Skinner's work, and although both concepts involve reinforcement, Skinner is most directly associated with the term "reinforcement." Therefore, Thorndike is to Law of Effect as Skinner is to reinforcement.

Question 5

Classical is to _______ as operant is to _______.
A)Pavlov; Skinner
B)Skinner; Pavlov
C)Pavlov; Watson
D)Watson; Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was developed by Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner.

Question 6

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A)blinking when air is blown into your eye
B)blinking,when you hear your favorite song
C)your favorite song
D)a puff of air to your eye

Accepted Answer

A puff of air to your eye is the only option presented that is a physical sensation or event that naturally elicits a reflex response (such as blinking), without any prior conditioning or learning. Therefore, it is an example of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 7

The person associated with the law of effect is _______.
A)Watson
B)Pavlov
C)Skinner
D)Thorndike

Accepted Answer

The law of effect was formulated by Edward Thorndike in the early 20th century. This law states that behaviors that are followed by positive outcomes or rewards are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative outcomes or punishments are less likely to be repeated. Thorndike's work on the law of effect paved the way for the development of behaviorism as a school of thought in psychology.

Question 8

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.
A)B.F.Skinner
B)Robert Rescorla
C)Albert Bandura
D)Ivan Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is the psychologist who is most closely associated with classical conditioning.

Question 9

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the __________.
A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Accepted Answer

In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was paired with the presentation of meat until it became associated with the meat and the dogs began to salivate in response to the bell alone. Therefore, the ringing of the bell became the conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicited the conditioned response (CR) of salivation. The meat, which originally elicited the salivation without any learning, was the unconditioned stimulus (US), and the salivation to the meat was the unconditioned response (UR).

Question 10

The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as:
A)social learning.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)cognitive learning.
D)operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as operant conditioning, which involves the association between behavior and consequences. The Skinner box is designed to measure and manipulate the frequency and timing of behaviors in response to the consequences they produce, such as rewards or punishment.

Question 11

The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the:
A)Rubik's cube.
B)Skinner box.
C)Pavlov bell.
D)Thorndike puzzle.

Accepted Answer

The Skinner box, also known as an operant conditioning chamber, was created by psychologist B.F. Skinner to study operant conditioning. The box allows researchers to control and manipulate the environment of an animal or subject, such as delivering reinforcement or punishment, and recording their responses. The Skinner box is therefore the most closely associated apparatus with the theory of operant conditioning.

Question 12

Thorndike conducted research on:
A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)shaping.
D)higher-order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Thorndike's research focused on operant conditioning, specifically on the "law of effect" which states that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated.

Question 13

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________.
A)UCR,UCS
B)UCS,UCR
C)CS,CR
D)CR,CS

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally produces an unconditioned response (UCR). In this case, the meat powder (UCS) naturally causes the dog to salivate (UCR). Eventually, with repeated pairing of the meat powder (UCS) and a neutral stimulus (CS), the dog will start to associate the CS (such as a bell) with the UCS and start salivating (now a conditioned response, or CR) at the sound of the bell alone.

Question 14

B.F.Skinner is known for his theory of:
A)cognitive learning.
B)intelligence.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner is known for his theory of operant conditioning, which focuses on how behavior is shaped by consequences such as rewards and punishments. Skinner believed that behavior could be reinforced through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, or extinction.

Question 15

Classical conditioning was discovered by:
A)Pavlov.
B)Watson.
C)Thorndike.
D)Skinner.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov in his famous experiment with dogs and their salivation response to a bell.

Question 16

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:
A)a wire monkey.
B)a cognitive map.
C)a puzzle box.
D)a buzzer.

Accepted Answer

Thorndike used a puzzle box as his main apparatus in his operant conditioning research. The puzzle box consisted of a small cage with a door that could be opened by a specific response, such as pulling a lever or pressing a button. Thorndike used this apparatus to study the learning process in cats and later in other animals.

Question 17

The "law of effect" was first proposed in the modern scientific community by:
A)James.
B)Skinner.
C)Thorndike.
D)Pavlov.

Accepted Answer

The "law of effect" was first proposed by psychologist Edward Thorndike in his research on animal behavior in the late 19th and early 20th century. Thorndike's experiments with cats led him to conclude that behaviors that led to positive consequences (rewards) were more likely to be repeated, while behaviors that led to negative consequences (punishment) were less likely to be repeated. Thorndike's law of effect is considered a fundamental principle of operant conditioning, which was later expanded upon by behaviorists such as B.F. Skinner.

Question 18

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
A)dog food
B)the cat running
C)the sound of the closet door opening
D)the dog

Accepted Answer

The sound of the closet door opening is the conditioned stimulus. It has become associated with the presence of the dog food, which causes the dog to salivate. Over time, the sound of the closet door opening alone is enough to stimulate this response in the dog.

Question 19

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.
A)Pavlov
B)Watson
C)Thorndike
D)Skinner

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov in the late 19th century while studying digestion in dogs.

Question 20

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?
A)unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
B)conditioned response and unconditioned response
C)neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D)neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in the neutral stimulus becoming a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response.

Quiz 4: Learning

Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

The Law of Effect was proposed by:

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

Thorndike is to _ as Skinner is to _.

Classical is to _ as operant is to _.

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?

The person associated with the law of effect is _______.

We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the __________.

The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as:

The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the:

Thorndike conducted research on:

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the and salivation was the .

B.F.Skinner is known for his theory of:

Classical conditioning was discovered by:

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:

The "law of effect" was first proposed in the modern scientific community by:

When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food,her dog salivates.What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

Classical conditioning was discovered by _______.

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?