Question 1

Preventive measures to reduce the number of hospital-acquired pneumonia include which of the following?
 I.Patient precautions to reduce aspiration
II.Health care worker hand washing
III.Vaccines against particular infections

Accepted Answer

Hospital-acquired pneumonia can be prevented by implementing all three preventive measures. Patients can be educated on precautions to reduce the risk of aspiration, such as elevating the head of the bed while sleeping, avoiding sedatives, and practicing good oral hygiene. Healthcare workers should follow proper hand washing protocols to reduce the spread of infection. Vaccines can also protect against particular infections that can lead to pneumonia, such as the pneumococcal vaccine. By implementing all three measures, the number of hospital-acquired pneumonia cases can be reduced.

Question 2

You are called to the emergency room to evaluate an otherwise healthy 18-year-old female whose chief complaints are fever,malaise,and difficulty breathing.As you enter the room,the physician informs you that he suspects community-acquired pneumonia.The most likely causative agent would be:

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

Which of the following is the reason empiric antibiotic therapy is prescribed in children with otitis media?

Accepted Answer

It is difficult to obtain a middle ear fluid sample for culture, and even if it is obtained, the results can take several days to come back. Therefore, empiric antibiotic therapy is often prescribed based on the likely infectious organisms involved in otitis media.

Question 4

Respiratory therapists who are caring for mechanically ventilated patients can reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia by practicing all except which of the following measures?

Accepted Answer

Performing 24-hour ventilator circuit changes is no longer recommended as a routine practice for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. This practice can actually increase the risk of infection by disrupting the patient's normal microbiome and introducing new pathogens. Instead, regular assessment of the ventilator circuit and changing it only when necessary or when there is evidence of contamination is recommended. A, B, and D are all effective measures for reducing the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Question 5

Sinusitis caused by S.pneumoniae that does not respond to amoxicillin after 72 hours should be treated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sinusitis caused by S.pneumoniae that does not...

Question 6

Which of the following antibiotics becomes inactivated by pulmonary surfactant and should not be used for the treatment of pneumonia?

Accepted Answer

Daptomycin is inactivated by pulmonary surfactant, making it ineffective for the treatment of pneumonia. This is a unique characteristic of daptomycin among antibiotics.

Question 7

Routine administration of antibiotics should be avoided in all except which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics are recommended for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia as it is a bacterial infection. Acute bronchitis, acute otitis media, and bronchiolitis are usually viral infections and do not require routine antibiotic administration.

Question 8

Which of the following agents is indicated for the treatment of a severe lower respiratory tract infection such as bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

Accepted Answer

Ribavirin is the only agent listed that is indicated for the treatment of severe lower respiratory tract infections caused by RSV. Zidovudine is an antiviral medication used to treat HIV, Pentamidine is an antibiotic used to treat infections such as pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Oxymetazoline is a nasal decongestant used to relieve nasal congestion.

Question 9

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)is a common causative agent in which of the following conditions?
 I.Bronchiolitis
II.Bronchitis
III.Pharyngitis

Accepted Answer

RSV is a common causative agent in bronchiolitis and bronchitis, but not pharyngitis. Therefore, option A (I and II) is the correct choice.

Question 10

The patients who are at highest risk for acquiring health care-associated pneumonia are those who:

Accepted Answer

Patients who are receiving mechanical ventilation are at the highest risk for acquiring health care-associated pneumonia due to the invasive insertion of an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy, which can introduce microorganisms into the respiratory tract. Other patients at high risk include those who are immunosuppressed or have underlying cardiopulmonary disease, but not to the same extent as those receiving mechanical ventilation. Patients who have undergone thoracic or abdominal surgery may also be at increased risk, but this is not specifically related to health care-associated pneumonia.

Question 11

The device used to administer ribavirin as an aerosolized agent is:

Accepted Answer

A SPAG (small particle aerosol generator) unit is the device commonly used to administer ribavirin as an aerosolized agent for treating respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. The SPAG unit is preferred over other devices, such as ultrasonic nebulizers, due to its ability to produce smaller particle sizes which can reach deeper into the lungs.

Question 12

Pneumonias that are acquired due to inhalation of contaminated aerosols are most often contaminated with all except which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory syncytial virus is not typically transmitted through inhalation of contaminated aerosols.

Question 13

Patients who are allergic to penicillin may have a cross-allergenicity with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Cephalosporins are structurally similar to penicillin and thus, patients who are allergic to penicillin may have cross-allergenicity with cephalosporins. Tetracycline, macrolides, and clarithromycin do not have structural similarity to penicillin and are safe to use in patients allergic to penicillin.

Question 14

Empiric treatment of otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in a 2-year-old child may include which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The most appropriate empiric treatment for otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in a 2-year-old child is amoxicillin. Tetracycline and quinolones are not recommended for young children due to their potential for causing permanent teeth discoloration and cartilage damage, respectively. Rifampin may be used in combination with other antibiotics for severe or resistant cases, but is not typically used as first-line therapy.

Question 15

The drug of choice for treatment of pharyngitis caused by group A streptococcus is which of following?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin is the drug of choice for treatment of pharyngitis caused by group A streptococcus. The other options may be used in special cases where there are allergies to penicillin or resistance to it.

Question 16

Which of the following aerosolized agents can be used for the treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?

Accepted Answer

Pentamidine is the aerosolized agent used for the treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Ribavirin is used for respiratory syncytial virus and certain types of viral infections. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is used for the treatment of a wide range of bacterial infections, including Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Clindamycin is used for the treatment of bacterial infections such as pneumonia, strep throat, staph infections, and bacterial vaginosis.

Question 17

The diagnostic test that gives immediate results to identify group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus in patients with pharyngitis is:

Accepted Answer

Rapid antigen detection is the diagnostic test that gives immediate results to identify group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus in patients with pharyngitis. Culture and sensitivity takes longer to produce results, ELISA is not a commonly used test for this purpose, and the Ziehl-Neelsen stain is used to identify acid-fast bacilli in samples such as sputum for tuberculosis diagnosis.

Question 18

A patient presents with pneumonia caused by S.pneumoniae.The recommended antimicrobial treatment may include all except which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin is not recommended for S. pneumoniae pneumonia if the strain is resistant to penicillin, which is a possibility due to increasing resistance rates.

Question 19

The preferred antibiotic therapy against H.influenzae type B for the treatment of epiglottitis includes all except which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Clindamycin is not a preferred choice for the treatment of H.influenzae type B due to concerns about antibiotic resistance. The preferred choices are B) Cefuroxime, C) Cefotaxime, and D) Ceftriaxone. These antibiotics are effective against H.influenzae type B and have a low risk of resistance.

Question 20

Aerosolized antimicrobials are indicated with all except which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Aerosolized antimicrobials are not typically indicated for exacerbations of COPD. They are used for conditions like severe RSV infections, cystic fibrosis, and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia.

Quiz 14: Pharmacologic Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Disease

Preventive measures to reduce the number of hospital-acquired pneumonia include which of the following? I.Patient precautions to reduce aspiration II.Health care worker hand washing III.Vaccines against particular infections