Question 1

Which of the following are correlating factors as to whether a mother will breast-feed?

Accepted Answer

Age, level of education, and socioeconomic status are commonly studied factors that correlate with a mother's decision to breast-feed.

Question 2

What percentage of infants are currently breast fed in the United States and Canada?

Accepted Answer

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 4 in 10 babies born in the United States are breastfed at six months of age, and around 1 in 4 are breastfed at 12 months of age. In Canada, the latest data shows that around 89% of women initiate breastfeeding, and around 26% breastfeed exclusively for six months, while around 54% breastfeed partially for six months. Therefore, the closest option to the actual figures is C) 70%.

Question 3

What contains antibodies and other substances that strengthen the baby's immune system?

Accepted Answer

Breast milk contains antibodies and other substances that strengthen the baby's immune system, making it the best choice among the given options. Formula that contains supplements and vitamin supplements for infants may provide some benefits, but they do not offer the same level of immune protection as breast milk. Solutions that are injected into the baby are typically vaccines and do not contain antibodies or other immune-boosting substances.

Question 4

Chimpanzees breast-feed their infants for about ____ years.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Chimpanzees breast-feed their infants for about ____...

Question 5

In general,the higher the mother's age,educational level,and socioeconomic status,the more likely she is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that mothers with higher age, educational level, and socioeconomic status are more likely to breast-feed their infants due to better knowledge and resources available to them.

Question 6

Historically,if a mother could not or did not want to breast-feed she might have used a(n)____.

Accepted Answer

A wet nurse is a woman who breast-feeds and cares for another's child. In the past, if a mother could not or did not want to breast-feed, she would have turned to a wet nurse. Lactation consultants offer assistance to mothers who want to breast-feed and midwives and obstetrician/gynecologists provide prenatal and postnatal care.

Question 7

What have anthropologists concluded regarding the proximity of mothers and infants during infancy? For 99% of human history,infants were _____.

Accepted Answer

Anthropologists have concluded that for 99% of human history, infants were bound or close to their mothers almost constantly. This is known as "proximal care" and has been found to be beneficial for the physical and emotional development of the infant.

Question 8

Assume you're living in a tribal group in Africa and one of the village mothers cannot produce enough breast milk for her infant.Which the following would most likely serve as a substitute for a mother's breast milk?

Accepted Answer

Among the given options, goat's milk is the most common substitute for breast milk. It is easily accessible and has a composition similar to human breast milk, making it a suitable alternative for infants. Sheep's milk is also an option, but it is less commonly used due to its higher fat content. Elephant's milk is not easily accessible, and its composition may not be suitable for human infants. While dog's milk has been used as a substitute in some cultures, it is not recommended due to the risk of infections and diseases that can be transmitted from dogs to humans.

Question 9

According to archaeological and historical evidence,most cultures breast fed their infants as a primary or sole source of food for ____ years,followed by ____ years of occasional nursing.

Accepted Answer

According to archaeological and historical evidence, most cultures breastfed their infants as a primary or sole source of food for 2-3 years, followed by 2-3 years of occasional nursing. Therefore, option C (2-3; 2-3) is the correct choice.

Question 10

Breast-fed babies have been shown to have a lower rate of illnesses and disease such as diphtheria,pneumonia,ear infections,and diarrhea.Which of the following is an explanation for this lower rate?

Accepted Answer

Breast milk contains antibodies, which can help protect babies against illnesses and diseases.

Question 11

Your grandmother is convinced that formula is the best way to feed infants because that is the way that she was fed as an infant.Although you do not want to argue,why did her mother's generation formula feed rather than breast-feed?

Accepted Answer

The rise of formula feeding in the mid-20th century was largely due to aggressive marketing by formula companies that convinced the public that formula was healthier for babies than breast milk. This led to a shift away from traditional breastfeeding practices, which had been prevalent for centuries.

Question 12

What name is given to a lactating woman who breast-feeds an infant but is not its mother?

Accepted Answer

A wet nurse is a lactating woman who breast-feeds an infant but is not its mother. It was a common practice throughout history when mothers were unable to nurse their own babies due to medical reasons or social circumstances.

Question 13

Over the course of history,which of the following have been common substitutes for breast milk?

Accepted Answer

Cow's milk and goat's milk have been common substitutes for breast milk throughout history. Sheep's and dog's milk may have been used in some cultures, but they are not as commonly used as cow's and goat's milk. Elephant's milk and cat's milk are not commonly used as substitutes for human breast milk.

Question 14

Supported by research,UNICEF and the World Health Organization have begun a campaign to ____.

Accepted Answer

The mention of "research" indicates that the campaign is based on evidence, and both UNICEF and the World Health Organization have a focus on improving child health and development through promoting breastfeeding. Option B is incorrect as the campaign is not focused on improving the value of formula, but rather on promoting breastfeeding. Option C and D are not relevant to the topic of child nutrition and health.

Question 15

Compared to breast milk,formula lacks which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Formula lacks antibodies that are present in breast milk. Breast milk also provides better digestion, immune system support and contains all necessary nutrients for an infant's growth and development.

Question 16

With the advent of condensed and evaporated milk in the late 1800s and its continuous growth in popularity in the United States,by 1940 what percent of mothers breast fed their babies?

Accepted Answer

By 1940, the popularity of condensed and evaporated milk, along with other factors, led to a significant decline in breastfeeding rates in the United States, with only 20-30% of mothers breastfeeding their babies.

Question 17

Toward the 1970s,scientific evidence had accumulated and which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

The scientific evidence had accumulated towards the 1970s that breast milk is far better than any substitute.

Question 18

To support hypotheses on breast-feeding that have been generated from archaeological and historical evidence,researchers have also examined ____.

Accepted Answer

Modern hunter-gatherer cultures in Central Africa provide insights into traditional practices and can offer comparative data to support hypotheses about ancient breast-feeding practices.

Question 19

Imagine that it is the late 1800s,and you and your wife are speaking with the doctor discussing how to best care for your newborn baby.Your doctor would recommend that the baby be given ____.

Accepted Answer

During the late 1800s, many babies were fed condensed or evaporated milk as a substitute for breast milk, which was not always available or safe due to unsanitary practices. While calcium supplements and multivitamins may have also been recommended, condensed or evaporated milk was a widely accepted and commonly used option for infant feeding at the time. High fructose corn syrup was not available until the 1970s.

Question 20

Within a few days,neonates _____.

Accepted Answer

Within a few days, neonates are able to recognize their mother's smell and the sound of her voice. However, they are not able to crawl, see in color, or have strong receptive language skills.

Quiz 3: Birth and the Newborn Child