Question 1

It has been suggested that Alaskan Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed.This suggestion most clearly illustrates:

Accepted Answer

The suggestion that the Eskimos' rich vocabulary for describing snow enables them to perceive differences in snow conditions that would otherwise go unnoticed illustrates linguistic determinism, the idea that language shapes the way we think and perceive our world.

Question 2

People's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of:

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory involves knowing how to perform actions and skills, such as opening a front door. Mental images are typically involved in procedural memory, as individuals visualize the steps they need to take to open the door. Neural networks, telegraphic speech, and universal grammar are not typically associated with procedural memory of this nature.

Question 3

English has a rich vocabulary for _________ emotions such as anger.Japanese has more words for _________ emotions such as sympathy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of English has a rich vocabulary for _________...

Question 4

Those who define intelligence as academic aptitude are most likely to criticize:

Accepted Answer

Those who define intelligence solely as academic aptitude are likely to criticize Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences, as it includes types of intelligence beyond typical academic skills.

Question 5

Experts would most likely agree that intelligence is a(n):

Accepted Answer

Most experts agree that intelligence is a mental ability to learn from experience, which allows individuals to adapt to new situations and solve problems. Intelligence is not just measured by performance on standardized tests and is not a singular, independent trait, but rather a complex set of abilities that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

Question 6

Six-month-old Ohmar recognizes the difference between squares and circles just as accurately as his 3-year-old brother,who can correctly name the different shapes.This fact would most directly challenge:

Accepted Answer

Ohmar's ability to differentiate between squares and circles at such a young age suggests that his cognitive abilities are not entirely determined by language, which challenges Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions of reality, so if language were the sole determinant of cognition, we would expect Ohmar to be less proficient at such tasks than his older brother. However, Ohmar's equal ability suggests that cognitive processes may be more fundamental than language in shaping our understanding of the world. A, B, and D are not directly relevant to this scenario.

Question 7

Introductory psychology students facing a midterm exam one week later spent five minutes each day visualizing themselves scanning the posted grade list,seeing their A grade,and feeling proud.This ________ simulation had ________ effect on their exam scores.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Introductory psychology students facing a midterm exam...

Question 8

Introductory psychology students performed best on a midterm psychology test if they had previously spent five minutes a day visualizing themselves:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Introductory psychology students performed best on a...

Question 9

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to criticize Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis for:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Contemporary psychologists are most likely to criticize...

Question 10

Bilingual people,who inhibit one language while using the other,can better inhibit their attention to irrelevant information.This has been called:

Accepted Answer

The term "bilingual advantage" refers to the cognitive benefits observed in bilingual individuals, such as better inhibitory control and attention to relevant information. This advantage is thought to result from the constant need for bilinguals to inhibit one language while using the other. Option A ("linguistic determinism") refers to the idea that language determines how we think and perceive the world around us, and is not related to the cognitive advantages of bilingualism. Option B ("implicit memory") refers to a type of memory that operates unconsciously, and is not related to the cognitive advantages of bilingualism. Option D ("universal grammar") refers to the innate language acquisition mechanisms that are thought to be present in all humans, and is not related to the cognitive advantages of bilingualism.

Question 11

Howard Gardner identified a total of ________ relatively independent intelligences.

Accepted Answer

Howard Gardner identified a total of nine relatively independent intelligences. These include linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and existential intelligences.

Question 12

Who would have been most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an individual's mental capacities?

Accepted Answer

Charles Spearman was the creator of the concept of general intelligence or "g". He believed that there was a single underlying factor that influenced all cognitive abilities and that this factor could be measured with a single intelligence test score. Therefore, he would have been the most enthusiastic about the value of a single intelligence test score as an index of an individual's mental capacities. David Wechsler, Howard Gardner, and Robert Sternberg, on the other hand, have proposed multi-dimensional models of intelligence that acknowledge the existence of different types of intelligence and reject the idea of a single, unitary intelligence.

Question 13

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that:

Accepted Answer

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis suggests that the language we use shapes the way we think and perceive the world. This means that the words we have available to us in our language influence our thoughts and how we understand and interpret the world around us.

Question 14

The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2.If shown 7 nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts.This best illustrates the impact of:

Accepted Answer

The Piraha tribe's inability to conceptualize large numbers and perform basic arithmetic tasks suggests that their language has a significant impact on their thinking processes. This highlights the idea of linguistic relativity, which proposes that the structure of a language affects the way its speakers conceptualize the world.

Question 15

Howard Gardner is most likely to agree that the concept of intelligence includes:

Accepted Answer

Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, which includes spatial intelligence as one of the eight types of intelligence. Gardner's theory suggests that intelligence encompasses a range of abilities beyond what standardized testing typically measures. His theory include verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, musical-rhythmic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic and spatial intelligence.

Question 16

To assess whether intelligence is a single trait or a collection of several distinct abilities,psychologists have made extensive use of:

Accepted Answer

Factor analysis is a statistical technique used to identify the underlying factors or dimensions that contribute to individual differences in test scores. Psychologists have used factor analysis to identify multiple factors or dimensions of intelligence, such as verbal, mathematical, and spatial abilities, which suggests that intelligence is a collection of distinct abilities rather than a single trait. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 17

Bilingual people's moral judgments reflect _______ when they respond in their second language.

Accepted Answer

Research has found that bilingual people tend to have less emotional involvement when making moral judgments in their second language, as the emotional connections and scaffolding of moral concepts are often stronger in the first language.

Question 18

Factor analysis is a statistical procedure that can be used to:

Accepted Answer

Factor analysis is primarily used to identify clusters of closely related test items, also known as factors or dimensions. This helps to simplify the data and identify underlying constructs that may be driving performance on the test items. Option A refers to the process of deriving IQ scores, which is not directly related to factor analysis. Option B refers to developing test norms, which is typically done using descriptive statistics like means and standard deviations, rather than factor analysis. Option D refers to estimating a test's reliability, which can be done using various methods but is not the primary purpose of factor analysis.

Question 19

Many people who are bilingual experience a different sense of self depending on which language they are using.This most clearly illustrates the implications of

Accepted Answer

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis suggests that language not only reflects but also shapes our thinking, perception, and behavior. This is also known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The experience of a different sense of self depending on which language is being used is an example of how language shapes our perception of ourselves and therefore supports the idea of linguistic determinism.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of what is commonly called intelligence?

Accepted Answer

Artistic ability is not traditionally considered a component of intelligence, although it is an important skill in its own right. However, problem solving, adaptability, and learning from experience are all widely recognized as essential aspects of intelligence.

Quiz 9: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence