Question 1

The egocentrism of preschoolers was most strongly emphasized by

Accepted Answer

This question specifically asks about egocentrism in preschoolers, which is a concept addressed in Piaget's cognitive development theory. Piaget believed that preschool-aged children are in the preoperational stage, characterized by egocentrism, and have difficulty understanding others' perspectives. The other theories mentioned do not focus on egocentrism in the same way.

Question 2

According to Piaget,a child can represent things with words and images but cannot reason with logic during the ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

During the preoperational stage (ages 2-7), children develop the ability to use symbols, such as words and images, to represent objects and ideas. However, they cannot yet engage in logical reasoning or understand more complex concepts such as cause and effect.

Question 3

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation,they are unable to

Accepted Answer

Conservation is the understanding that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape. If children cannot grasp this principle, they will not be able to recognize that the amount of something remains the same even if it looks different. This understanding is important in a variety of situations, such as understanding volume or quantity in everyday life. The other options (dealing with toilet training, seeing things from the point of view of others, and retaining earlier schemas) are not directly related to the principle of conservation.

Question 4

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present.This best illustrates Piaget's concept of

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes Jennifer's belief that her mother would like the same kind of gift that she would like, which is a form of egocentrism, or the inability to take another person's perspective. This is a common characteristic of preoperational thought, the stage of cognitive development proposed by Piaget for children ages 2-7. Accommodation involves changing one's existing schemas (mental models) to fit new information, object permanence refers to the understanding that objects exist even when they are out of sight, and conservation involves the recognition that altering the appearance of an object does not necessarily change its basic properties (such as volume or quantity). These concepts are not directly related to Jennifer's mistaken belief about her mother's preferences.

Question 5

Olivia understands her world primarily by grasping and sucking easily available objects.Olivia is clearly in Piaget's ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, the sensorimotor stage occurs from birth to age 2 years. During this stage, infants like Olivia understand their world primarily through their senses and motor activities, such as grasping and sucking objects. They also develop object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

Question 6

According to Piaget,imagining an action and mentally reversing it would be an example of a

Accepted Answer

Imagining an action and mentally reversing it involves a mental operation, as it requires the ability to manipulate mental representations without the need for physical action. Piaget believed that mental operations develop during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development (around 7-12 years old) as children gain the ability to reverse mental processes and think logically.

Question 7

Mrs.Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces.Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy.Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of conservation involves understanding that the amount of a substance remains the same even if the shape or arrangement changes. In this scenario, Sylvia's crying indicates that she doesn't understand that despite the differences in the number of pieces, the total amount of hot dog is the same for both her and Judy.

Question 8

Infants stare longer than usual at unexpected events such as a ball stopping in midair.This suggests that Piaget

Accepted Answer

Infants staring longer at unexpected events is indicative of their cognitive abilities to detect violations of their expectations and suggests that Piaget underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants.

Question 9

According to Piaget,egocentrism refers to

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that egocentrism was the difficulty of perceiving things from another person's point of view, which is why young children often have trouble empathizing with others or understanding their perspectives.

Question 10

Ideas about one's own and others' feelings,perceptions,and thoughts,along with the behaviors these might predict,are said to constitute

Accepted Answer

A theory of mind refers to the ability to attribute mental states (feelings, thoughts, beliefs, desires) to oneself and to others and to understand that others may hold beliefs or desires different from one's own. It allows one to predict and explain others' behavior based on their mental state. This ability develops around age 4 or 5 and is an important aspect of social interactions and understanding.

Question 11

Evidence that preschoolers develop a theory of mind suggests that Piaget overestimated young children's

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers' ability to understand that others have a different perspective than their own, and to recognize false beliefs, demonstrates that they are less egocentric than Piaget believed.

Question 12

When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket,he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it.Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy...

Question 13

Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him.Nageeb's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of

Accepted Answer

Accommodation is the process of modifying existing schemas to incorporate new experiences or information that cannot be assimilated into existing schemas. In this case, Nageeb had to modify his existing schema of what a nurse looks like to now include the image of a middle-aged male nurse.

Question 14

Three-year-olds were shown a model of a room with a miniature stuffed dog placed behind a miniature couch.By using the model to locate an actual stuffed dog behind a couch in a real room,the children demonstrated their capacity for

Accepted Answer

The children demonstrated their ability to understand symbols, as they were able to transfer their knowledge from the model to the actual room and locate the stuffed dog behind the couch. Egocentrism, conservation, and concrete operational reasoning are not demonstrated by this task.

Question 15

According to Piaget,a person develops an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived during the ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years old) is when a child learns to coordinate sensory input with physical actions to learn more about the world. During this stage, a child develops object permanence, which is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. This is a major cognitive achievement and marks the transition from reflexive, instinctual action to symbolic thought.

Question 16

When researched Karen Wynn showed 5-month-old infants a numerically impossible income,the infants

Accepted Answer

Karen Wynn's research found that when 5-month-old infants were shown a numerically impossible outcome (such as if an object was hidden behind a screen and then two objects were shown when the screen was lifted, when there was only one object to begin with), they stared longer at the outcome. This suggests that the infants were surprised by the unexpected outcome, indicating that they had some understanding of numerical concepts at this young age. There is no evidence to suggest that the infants displayed rapid imprinting, lacked object permanence, or showed signs of formal operational reasoning, so options B, C, and D are not correct.

Question 17

Object permanence is the understanding that

Accepted Answer

Object permanence refers to the concept that an object continues to exist even when it is not visible or within range of the senses. It is a fundamental concept in cognitive development, particularly in the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) as described by Jean Piaget. The other options refer to different aspects of development and do not relate directly to object permanence.

Question 18

Incorrectly assuming that something that is clearly understood by us will also be clearly understood by others illustrates

Accepted Answer

The curse of knowledge refers to the phenomenon where someone assumes that others know what they know simply because they know it. This can lead to miscommunication and misunderstandings.

Question 19

Infants accustomed to a puppet jumping three times on stage show surprise if the puppet jumps only twice.This suggests that Piaget

Accepted Answer

This finding suggests that infants have cognitive capacities beyond what Piaget originally believed. Piaget's theory emphasized that infants' cognitive abilities gradually develop in stages, but this experiment shows that infants are able to notice changes in patterns and expect certain outcomes, which suggests a more advanced level of cognition.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

This is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, according to his theory: sensorimotor (0-2 years), preoperational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-12 years), and formal operational (12 years and above).

Quiz 4: Developing Through the Life Span