Question 1

According to Kohlberg,morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, preconventional morality is characterized by the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards. This is typically seen in young children who make moral decisions based on personal consequences rather than societal rules or ethical principles. As individuals move into the conventional and postconventional stages of moral development, their moral reasoning becomes more concerned with conscience and social contract, respectively.

Question 2

Moral judgments are sometimes based on our moral reasoning and other times based on our intuitive moral emotions.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

Dual processing theory suggests that moral judgments can be based on both cognitive reasoning and intuitive emotions. This theory argues that a person has two distinct thinking systems, one fast and automatic, and the other slow and reflective. Moral reasoning predominates in the slower, more reflective thinking system, while intuitive emotions guide the fast, automatic thinking system. Therefore, the impact of dual processing best explains why moral judgments can be based on both moral reasoning and intuitive moral emotions.

Question 3

Learning to delay gratification promotes

Accepted Answer

Delaying gratification requires impulse control, which is the ability to resist immediate impulses in order to achieve a greater goal in the future. This skill is important for personal and professional success, and is associated with better social and emotional outcomes in life.  Delaying gratification is not related to maturation, preconventional morality, or an intuitionist perspective.

Question 4

Many people would find it more morally repulsive to kill someone by thrusting a knife into his or her body than by shooting him or her with a gun from a distance.This is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

Haidt's intuitionist perspective emphasizes that moral judgments are often made based on immediate emotional reactions or gut instincts. In this case, the immediate emotional reaction may be stronger when imagining physically stabbing someone compared to shooting them from a distance, leading to a stronger moral repulsion towards the former action.

Question 5

In service-learning programs where teens have tutored children or assisted older adults,the teens have experienced

Accepted Answer

In service-learning programs, teens typically experience an increased willingness to serve as a result of their participation in activities that benefit others. Research has shown that these programs can enhance young people's sense of civic responsibility and commitment to making a positive difference in their communities. However, there is no evidence to suggest that such programs lead to decreased sense of peer approval, increased school absenteeism, or decreased sense of competence.

Question 6

According to Erikson,achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development identifies adolescence as the stage during which individuals seek to establish a clear and coherent sense of self-identity. This involves exploring different options and making decisions about one's values, beliefs, and goals, which ultimately shape a person's sense of self. Furthermore, if adolescents are unable to achieve a strong sense of identity, they may experience confusion and uncertainty about their place in the world.

Question 7

Walter Mischel gave preschoolers a choice between one marshmallow now and two marshmallows when he returns a few minutes later.Children who chose to wait for two marshmallows demonstrated

Accepted Answer

Children who chose to wait for two marshmallows demonstrated the ability to delay gratification, which is the ability to resist an immediate reward in order to obtain a larger or better future reward. This ability has been linked to greater success in life, including better academic performance, higher social competence, and better emotional regulation.

Question 8

Haidt's intuitionist perspective highlights the impact of automatic gut-level feelings on

Accepted Answer

Haidt's intuitionist perspective focuses on the role of emotions and intuition in moral judgments. It suggests that moral decisions are often made quickly and automatically based on gut-level feelings, rather than conscious reasoning or rational thought.

Question 9

Juanita suffers from a painful back condition.Smoking marijuana would reduce her pain,but she thinks it would be wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state.Juanita is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ level of morality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Juanita suffers from a painful back condition.Smoking...

Question 10

According to Erikson,trust is to infancy as identity is to

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that trust is the key issue in infancy, whereas identity is the key issue in adolescence. Therefore, option B, adolescence, is the best choice.

Question 11

Laboratory games reveal that people's desire to punish wrongdoing is driven mostly by automatic emotional reactions rather than by deliberate conscious calculations that punishment will deter crime.This most clearly supports the ________ perspective on morality.

Accepted Answer

The intuitionist perspective on morality emphasizes that moral judgments are largely driven by automatic emotional reactions rather than deliberate conscious reasoning. The fact that people's desire to punish wrongdoing is driven mostly by automatic emotional reactions provides support for this perspective.

Question 12

According to Erikson,teens who suffer role confusion have not yet

Accepted Answer

Role confusion is a sense of uncertainty and lack of direction about one's identity and future goals. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, one of the key challenges in adolescence is developing a sense of identity. Therefore, teens who suffer from role confusion have not yet solidified a sense of identity.

Question 13

Psychologist Jonathan Haidt has described our moral intuitions as

Accepted Answer

Jonathan Haidt has described our moral intuitions as quick gut feelings.

Question 14

The corrupt behavior of many ordinary people who served as Nazi concentration camp guards best illustrates that immortality often results from

Accepted Answer

The corrupt behavior of many ordinary people who served as Nazi concentration camp guards can be attributed to social influence, as they were influenced by the group norms and pressure to conform to the beliefs and actions of their peers and superiors. This is evident in the famous Milgram experiment, where participants were willing to administer potentially lethal electric shocks to a learner, as they were urged to do so by an authoritative figure. Thus, immorality often results from social influence, as individuals tend to conform to the behavior and attitudes of those around them.

Question 15

Zian can't decide what he wants to do with his life.He has tried several different jobs,but has been fired for lack of effort each time.According to Erikson,Zian best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Zian's inability to choose a career and lack of effort in previous jobs suggests a sense of confusion and uncertainty about his identity and role in society, which aligns with Erikson's stage of role confusion.

Question 16

Mr.Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons.Mr.Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's postconventional stage is characterized by a concern for universal ethical principles and individual conscience, which is exactly what Mr. Lambers is demonstrating by refusing to pay income taxes due to his objection to the government's military spending.

Question 17

Critics have noted that Kohlberg's ________ level of moral reasoning is culturally limited,appearing mostly among people who prize individualism.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning emphasizes a person's ability to understand abstract principles of justice and to consider the perspectives of others. However, critics have argued that this level is culturally limited, as it is more common among individuals from individualistic cultures who value personal autonomy and rights over communal values and obligations. In cultures that emphasize interdependence and relationships, moral reasoning may be more focused on maintaining social harmony and fulfilling obligations to others rather than abstract principles of justice.

Question 18

Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simple because he might get punished for doing so.He is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.

Accepted Answer

Regis is motivated to avoid punishment, which aligns with Kohlberg's preconventional stage of morality. At this stage, individuals are primarily concerned with avoiding punishment and receiving rewards. It is an egocentric stage where actions are evaluated based on the consequences they bring to the individual, rather than considering broader ethical concerns.

Question 19

According to Kohlberg,postconventional morality involves

Accepted Answer

Postconventional morality, the final stage in Kohlberg's theory, is based on self-defined ethical principles and a commitment to justice and equity. It is driven by both empathy and respect for others, as well as a sense of personal responsibility to uphold societal values. This is in contrast to earlier stages which are more focused on external and societal norms and rules, or on self-interest. Therefore, option B is the best choice.

Question 20

Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality as respecting the laws of society is to ________ morality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality...

Quiz 4: Developing Through the Life Span