Question 1

Ruby and Myron have ended their relationship,and Ruby blames herself for the break-up because she views herself as unlikeable and unattractive.She sees herself as lacking in the type of personality and intelligence to keep a boyfriend for a long-term relationship.Ruby tells her friends that her life is ruined and she should just leave the university and go home.Ruby's attributions for the break-up illustrate

Accepted Answer

Ruby's attributions for the break-up are negative and self-blaming, indicating a pessimistic explanatory style.

Question 2

Self-blaming attributions are most likely to be associated with

Accepted Answer

Self-blaming attributions are a common cognitive aspect of depression, where individuals tend to attribute negative events and experiences to personal flaws or weaknesses.

Question 3

Inanna suffers from chronic depression.According to the social-cognitive perspective,how is she most likely to respond when told that she performed very poorly on a test she took the previous day?

Accepted Answer

According to the social-cognitive perspective, individuals who suffer from chronic depression tend to have negative thought patterns and have a tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global factors. Option A's response is an example of this kind of thinking, as it suggests that Inanna believes her poor performance is due to her own incompetence, which is an internal and stable factor (i.e., it cannot be changed and is part of her identity).

Question 4

About two-thirds of suicide fatalities in the United States occur by means of

Accepted Answer

According to statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2019, firearms were the most common method of suicide accounting for 50.4% of all suicide deaths. This is followed by suffocation, which includes hanging and strangulation, at 27.3%. Drug overdoses and other means such as jumping or drowning accounted for the remaining deaths. Therefore, the best choice is A) guns.

Question 5

When Teresa feels depressed,guilty,and self-critical she finds a razor and secretly cuts herself.Teresa is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

Teresa is engaging in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), which involves deliberately causing harm to oneself without suicidal intent. The behavior is often used as a coping mechanism for overwhelming emotions or to release tension. Bipolar disorder and mania involve a range of symptoms beyond just self-injury, and rumination is a pattern of repetitive and negative thinking that can contribute to mental health problems, but it is not a specific behavior. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 6

The vicious cycle of depression is often initiated by

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that stressful life experiences are a significant risk factor for depression. Traumatic events, chronic stress, and the loss of a loved one can all trigger the onset of depressive symptoms. The stress may cause changes in brain chemistry and disrupt normal functioning, leading to depression.

Question 7

Women are ________ likely than men to attempt suicide.Men are ________ likely than women to actually end their lives.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Women are ________ likely than men to...

Question 8

Suicide rates are ________ among the rich than the poor,and they are ________ among young men than old men.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that suicide rates are higher among the rich than the poor, and higher among young men than old men. Therefore, option C is the most appropriate answer.

Question 9

Suicide rates ________ with unemployment during economic recessions.Compared with the general population,those who have been depressed have a ________ risk of suicide.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that suicide rates increase with unemployment during economic recessions. Additionally, individuals who have been experiencing depression have a higher risk of suicide compared to the general population.

Question 10

Learned helplessness is most closely associated with the development of

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a psychological condition in which an individual feels incapable of taking any proactive steps to bring about a desired outcome, as they have learned through past experiences that their actions have little or no impact on the outcome. This feeling of powerlessness and lack of control over one's life can lead to the development of depression. Therefore, learned helplessness is most closely associated with the development of depression.

Question 11

During an argument,Adele told her sister that she hated her.Even after her sister told her that she did not take it seriously and to forget about it,Adele continued to worry about it,which interfered with her job and family responsibilities.Adele's worry illustrates

Accepted Answer

Adele's continued worry about a past event and its interference with her daily functioning is characteristic of rumination, a pattern of repetitive negative thinking that can be harmful to one's mental health. This pattern is commonly associated with anxiety and depression. Learned helplessness, linkage analysis, and explanatory style are not relevant concepts in this scenario.

Question 12

Compared with those who suffer no disorder,those with alcohol use disorder have a ________ risk of committing suicide.Compared with the general population,those who have been depressed have a ________ risk of committing suicide.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals with alcohol use disorder have a higher risk of committing suicide compared to those who do not suffer from the disorder. Similarly, individuals who have been diagnosed with depression have been found to have a higher risk of suicide compared to the general population. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Question 13

A therapist believes that Chet is chronically depressed because he takes too little credit for his many achievements and assumes too much responsibility for his few failures.The therapist's interpretation reflects a ________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The therapist's interpretation reflects the social-cognitive perspective, which emphasizes how a person's beliefs and thought patterns shape their behavior and emotions. Specifically, the therapist is focusing on Chet's patterns of self-attribution and self-blame, which are key components of social-cognitive theory. The other choices (conditioning, epigenetic, and biological) do not directly relate to the therapist's interpretation in this scenario.

Question 14

Compulsive fretting and overthinking about problems and their causes are characteristic of

Accepted Answer

Compulsive fretting and overthinking about problems and their causes are characteristic of rumination, which is a pattern of thought that often occurs in anxiety and depression. Learned helplessness refers to a belief that one is unable to change their circumstances or that one's actions do not matter, linkage analysis is a method used to study genetic diseases, and explanatory style refers to how individuals explain events to themselves.

Question 15

One way for people to break the vicious cycle of depression would be to

Accepted Answer

Participating in pleasant and rewarding activities can help individuals feel a sense of accomplishment and enjoyment, which can improve their mood and break the cycle of depression. Accepting personal responsibility and talking to friends can also be helpful, but may not be as effective as engaging in positive activities. Spending time in quiet rest and personal meditation may be beneficial, but should be supplemented with active engagement in enjoyable activities.

Question 16

When Tory's boyfriend tells her that he is going to Las Vegas with his friends for a week,she immediately begins to think about her ex-husband's affair in Las Vegas.She also recalled all the times her ex-husband deceived her,and so she became depressed and angry about her boyfriend's trip to Las Vegas.Tory's recollections illustrate

Accepted Answer

Tory's constant thoughts and dwelling on negative experiences from the past is an example of rumination, which can lead to feelings of depression and anger. State-dependent memory refers to the improved ability to recall information when in a similar state to the one in which the memory was formed, a pessimistic explanatory style refers to a pattern of explaining negative events in a permanent, pervasive and personal way, and learned helplessness refers to feeling unable to affect the outcome of a situation due to repeated failure or negative experiences. None of these are directly applicable to Tory's situation.

Question 17

Such behaviors as cutting one's skin,hitting oneself,or pulling one's hair out are examples of

Accepted Answer

Cutting one's skin, hitting oneself, or pulling one's hair out are examples of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), which is deliberate self-harm behavior without the intention of suicide. The behavior could be a coping mechanism for emotional pain or a way to feel in control of one's body. Mania is a mood disorder characterized by an elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, and impulsivity. Rumination is a pattern of overthinking negative situations or emotions, which could lead to depression or anxiety. Linkage analysis is a genetic method used to study the inheritance of traits or disorders in families.

Question 18

Stephanie is caught in the middle of the cycle of depression.When she experiences stressful events,she tends to engage in ________,as well as a pessimistic explanatory style,which then leads to feelings of hopelessness and depression.This then influences how she thinks and feels and fuels additional stressful experiences.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Stephanie is caught in the middle of...

Question 19

Internal,stable,and global explanations for one's own failures are indicative of

Accepted Answer

Internal, stable, and global explanations for one's own failures are indicative of pessimism. This is because pessimists tend to view negative events as being due to personal flaws (internal), unchangeable (stable), and affecting many areas of their lives (global).

Question 20

Failures are most likely to lead to depression if they are explained in terms that are

Accepted Answer

Internal (blaming oneself), stable (believing the cause will remain constant), and global (believing the failure will affect multiple aspects of one's life) attributions are most likely to lead to a sense of hopelessness and depression.

Quiz 50: Mood Disorders