Question 1

In the 1920s,physiologist Walter Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory of emotion by noting that

Accepted Answer

Walter Cannon pointed out that our emotional reaction to a stimulus often occurs much faster than our physiological reaction to a stimulus, which is contrary to the James-Lange theory that suggests that physiological arousal precedes and causes the emotional experience.

Question 2

When students perceive the arousal that accompanies test-taking as energizing rather than debilitating,they experience much less anxiety.This is best understood in terms of the

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory suggests that emotions are composed of both physiological and cognitive components. In the context of test-taking anxiety, this means that the arousal that accompanies the situation can be interpreted as energizing or exciting rather than debilitating, depending on the cognitive interpretation of the arousal. This interpretation can be influenced by factors such as past experiences, beliefs about test-taking, and situational cues.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic components of emotion identified in the text?

Accepted Answer

Pupil contraction is not one of the basic components of emotion identified in the text. The three basic components of emotion identified in the text are physiological arousal, conscious experience, and expressive behavior.

Question 4

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,the experience of an emotion

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions occur simultaneously with physiological arousal. This means that both the experience of emotion and the physiological sensations associated with it happen at the same time, rather than one causing the other.

Question 5

Ten-year-old Vito tells his friend,"When you notice that your knees knock,your hands sweat,and your stomach is in knots,then you really get emotional." This statement best illustrates the

Accepted Answer

Vito's statement reflects the James-Lange theory, which suggests that emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. In this case, Vito is describing physical sensations (knees knocking, hands sweating, stomach in knots) that precede the emotional experience.

Question 6

Both the James-Lange and the two-factor theories of emotion maintain that

Accepted Answer

Both the James-Lange and the two-factor theories of emotion suggest that emotions arise from physiological arousal, with the two-factor theory adding that cognitive appraisal also plays a role in identifying the emotion.

Question 7

The suggestion that we share a friend's feelings of joy if we smile with him or her best illustrates the logic of the

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory suggests that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. Smiling (a physiological response) when a friend is happy and sharing in their joy aligns with this theory, as it implies that the act of smiling can contribute to the emotional experience of happiness.

Question 8

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Accepted Answer

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, emotions and physiological responses happen simultaneously and independently. Therefore, option C is correct as it states that one experiences fear at the same time their heart begins pounding. Option A is incorrect as it implies that physiological responses lead to emotional experience while option B is in reverse order. Option D is incorrect as at least one option is true i.e. option C.

Question 9

Vaseem experienced excessive fear while flying because he interpreted his rapid heart rate,shallow breathing,and heavy perspiration as a reaction to the imminent danger of a plane crash.When his psychotherapist convinced him that this physical arousal was simply a harmless reaction to acceleration,cabin pressure,and confined space,his fear of flying was greatly reduced.The reduction in Vaseem's fear is best understood in terms of the

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory, proposed by Schachter and Singer, suggests that emotions are based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. In Vaseem's case, his fear was reduced when he cognitively reinterpreted the cause of his physiological arousal (rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, heavy perspiration) not as a sign of imminent danger but as a harmless reaction to flying conditions. This change in cognitive appraisal directly aligns with the principles of the two-factor theory of emotion.

Question 10

When Alex and Jason were confronted by a dangerous snake,Alex experienced a much greater level of autonomic nervous system arousal than Jason.Yet both reported being equally scared by the experience.If true,this fact would be most consistent with the

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions and the physiological response occur simultaneously and independently, meaning that experiencing a physiological response does not necessarily lead to an emotional experience. Therefore, in the given scenario, both Alex and Jason experiencing equal levels of fear despite experiencing different levels of autonomic nervous system arousal is consistent with the Cannon-Bard theory. The other theories (two-factor, Schachter-Singer, and James-Lange) would predict different outcomes in this scenario.

Question 11

Which theory states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal?

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory, proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal, combined with the interpretation of environmental cues. This theory suggests that our physiological response to a stimulus (such as increased heart rate and sweating) first leads to a non-specific arousal state, which is then interpreted and labeled within a particular emotional context based on environmental cues.

Question 12

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,bodily arousal is related to the subjective awareness of emotion in the same way as the ________ is related to the ________.

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory posits that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with bodily arousal, with the thalamus sending signals simultaneously to the cortex (producing conscious emotion) and to the sympathetic nervous system (producing bodily arousal). Thus, the correct analogy is between the sympathetic nervous system and the cortex.

Question 13

Which of the following would be most threatened by evidence that highly similar patterns of physiological activity are associated with uniquely different emotional states?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following would be most...

Question 14

Pon's younger brother used his new computer and somehow managed to permanently erase all of Pon's personal files,including one containing a 10-page term paper due tomorrow! According to the text,the anger Pon now feels involves all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The text does not mention the spillover effect as a factor in Pon's anger. The other options are all mentioned as aspects of anger in the text.

Question 15

Which of the following suggests that the experience of emotion results from an awareness of our own physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event?

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory proposes that we experience emotions based on our perception of physiological changes in the body that happen in response to an emotionally arousing event. In other words, the theory suggests that our physiological responses (such as increased heart rate or sweaty palms) lead to an emotional experience.

Question 16

Whenever she sees Malik,Bonita's heart beats faster and she gets a trembling feeling inside.Bonita now believes that she must be in love with Malik.Which theory of emotion is illustrated in this example?

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that physiological arousal precedes the experience of emotion. In this example, Bonita experiences a physical response (heart beating faster, trembling feeling) when she sees Malik, which leads her to attribute these sensations to being in love with him.

Question 17

Evidence that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity with which people experience certain emotions most directly refutes the

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that physiological responses and emotional experiences occur simultaneously and independently of each other. Therefore, evidence that spinal cord injuries affect emotional experiences would directly refute this theory. The other theories listed propose more direct connections between physiological responses and emotional experiences.

Question 18

The spillover effect refers to the impact of lingering ________ on the intensity of any later emotional reactions.

Accepted Answer

The spillover effect occurs when the physical arousal that is experienced in response to a particular stimulus lingers and affects the intensity of future emotional reactions. This means that option C, physical arousal, is the correct choice as it directly relates to the definition of the spillover effect. The other options, subliminal stimulation, pupil contraction, and facial expressions, do not directly relate to the definition of the spillover effect.

Question 19

Stephan noticed that his heart pounded and his palms were sweaty when he encountered a bear in the woods and when he kissed his girlfriend for the first time.He felt afraid when he saw the bear because it was a threatening situation,but he felt excited with the kiss.Which theory of emotion best explains Stephan's emotions?

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion, proposed by Schachter and Singer, explains Stephan's emotions best because it suggests that emotions are determined by physiological arousal and the cognitive labeling of that arousal. Stephan experienced similar physiological responses (heart pounding, sweaty palms) in both situations, but he labeled those responses differently (fear with the bear, excitement with the kiss) based on the context.

Question 20

Samantha was in a car accident and can no longer feel anything below her neck.She experienced a high spinal cord injury.Which of the following is she likely to experience?

Accepted Answer

According to research, individuals with high spinal cord injuries often report an increase in emotions felt above the level of their injury, such as feeling choked up when saying good-bye or experiencing anxiety. This is known as "emotional dysregulation" and is due to the disruption of neural pathways between the brain and the body below the level of injury, leading to difficulty in processing and regulating emotions.

Quiz 36: Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong