Question 1

While entering her darkened apartment Juanita feels someone tap her shoulder from behind (her roommate).Juanita's sympathetic nervous system triggers her adrenal glands to release the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline)and norepinephrine (noradrenaline),which stimulates behavior.This has prepared her

Accepted Answer

The release of adrenaline and noradrenaline triggers the fight or flight response, which prepares individuals to either fight the perceived threat or flee from it.

Question 2

Emma and Jackson encounter a fox while hiking in the woods.Emma is thrilled to see the fox,but Jackson is frightened and runs away.Which theorist would explain that their different responses are based on differences in their cognitive appraisal of the situation?

Accepted Answer

Richard Lazarus is a cognitive theorist who proposed that our emotional reactions are based on our cognitive appraisal of a situation. In this scenario, Emma and Jackson have different cognitive appraisals of seeing the fox - Emma finds it exciting while Jackson finds it scary, leading to their different emotional responses.

Question 3

Dr.Lee believes that cognitive appraisal is the essential trigger for an emotional response and that all other components of emotion,including physiological arousal,follow from the initial cognitive appraisal.Dr.Lee's views are most consistent with those of

Accepted Answer

Dr. Lee's belief that cognitive appraisal is the essential trigger for an emotional response aligns with the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion proposed by Richard Lazarus. Lazarus proposed that an individual's cognitive evaluation or appraisal of an event determines their emotional response, and that physiological arousal follows this cognitive appraisal.

Question 4

Unlike the low-road brain pathway,the high road for emotional responses extends through the

Accepted Answer

The high road pathway for emotional responses involves the cortex, which is responsible for more complex cognitive processes such as emotion regulation and interpretation of context. The low road pathway bypasses the cortex and instead activates more automatic and immediate responses through the amygdala. The thalamus and hypothalamus may be involved in both pathways to varying degrees, but the cortex is the primary distinction between the two. The cerebellum is not typically associated with emotional processing.

Question 5

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is known for its role in processing emotional information, particularly fear-related stimuli. When sensory input travels directly from the thalamus to the amygdala, it can elicit rapid and automatic emotional responses.

Question 6

Rapid fear reactions to sensory input in the absence of conscious thought are possible because certain neural pathways bypass the

Accepted Answer

Rapid fear reactions to sensory input, such as the startle response, are possible because these reactions bypass the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in higher-order processing and conscious thought. This allows for quicker responses to potential threats.

Question 7

A hormone that increases heart rate,blood pressure,and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is

Accepted Answer

The hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is epinephrine, which is also known as adrenaline.

Question 8

Heart rate,blood pressure,and blood sugar levels are increased in times of emergency by

Accepted Answer

During times of emergency, the sympathetic nervous system is activated and releases stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones cause an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, preparing the body for fight or flight.

Question 9

According to Joseph LeDoux,our automatic and most rapid emotional responses involve neural processing that follows

Accepted Answer

According to Joseph LeDoux's theory of emotions, our automatic and most rapid emotional responses involve neural processing that follows the "low road." This means that sensory information first reaches the amygdala, which triggers an immediate emotional response, before the information is fully processed by the cortex. This allows for quick, instinctive reactions to potential threats or rewards before conscious awareness and more deliberate decision-making can occur.

Question 10

Samir volunteered for a psychology study of emotion.If Samir were injected with ________,he would experience feelings of arousal.

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine is a hormone that is responsible for the physiological response to stress or arousal. Injection with epinephrine will increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate, leading to feelings of arousal. Leptin, Orexin, and PYY are not hormones that are associated with arousal.

Question 11

The autonomic nervous system regulates the ________ that accompanies different emotions.

Accepted Answer

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating physiological responses such as increased heart rate, sweating, and rapid breathing that accompany different emotions.

Question 12

Which of the following theorists believes that our emotions arise when we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous,whether or not we truly know it is?

Accepted Answer

Richard Lazarus developed the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion which suggests that our emotions are influenced by our cognitive appraisal or interpretation of events, and not just the events themselves. This means that we can feel emotions like fear or anger even if the situation is not actually dangerous or harmful, based on our appraisal or interpretation of the situation.

Question 13

In their dispute over the role of cognition in emotion,both Zajonc and Lazarus agree that

Accepted Answer

Both Zajonc and Lazarus agree that some emotional reactions can occur without conscious thinking or cognitive processing. This is known as the "low road" model of emotion, where the amygdala quickly triggers an emotional response before conscious awareness or thought occurs.

Question 14

Who argued that while the experience of a split-second fear response may not involve conscious thinking,it still requires an effortless,unconscious cognitive appraisal?

Accepted Answer

Richard Lazarus argued that even quick, automatic emotional responses involve some form of cognitive appraisal, albeit unconscious and effortless, distinguishing his perspective from theories suggesting that emotions can occur without any cognitive processing.

Question 15

After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run,Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him.Martin's experience can best be explained by the

Accepted Answer

Martin's experience can be explained by the two-factor theory, which posits that emotions are the result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. The physical arousal Martin experiences during his run can intensify both negative and positive emotions he experiences in response to his wife's behavior, depending on his cognitive interpretation of the situation.

Question 16

Unlike simple fears that involve automatic processing,complex feelings of love and hatred typically involve

Accepted Answer

Complex feelings of love and hatred involve conscious interpretation, as individuals often have to think about and process their emotions in order to understand and navigate them. Bodily arousal and expressive behavior may also be involved, but they are not unique to complex feelings of love and hatred. The low road of emotional processing refers to automatic and rapid processing of emotions, but complex feelings often require higher-level cognitive processing.

Question 17

As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class,Blair's heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat.These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which is associated with physiological reactions such as increased heart rate and sweating in response to stressors like taking a test.

Question 18

Who argued that our emotional reactions to specific situations can occur rapidly and prior to any conscious interpretations of those situations?

Accepted Answer

Robert Zajonc argued that emotional reactions can occur rapidly and prior to conscious interpretations of situations. This is known as the "mere exposure effect," which suggests that exposure to stimuli can elicit an emotional response even without conscious awareness or interpretation of the stimuli.

Question 19

Julie surprised her unsuspecting roommate Jan by yelling "boo" as Jan walked into their darkened bedroom where Julie was hiding.Before she consciously recognized the "boo" as a silly prank,Jan experienced an immediate surge of fear,resulting from the routing of the unexpected sensory input through her thalamus directly to the

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is responsible for the processing and integration of emotional information, including fear. In this scenario, the unexpected sensory input of the "boo" directly routed through the thalamus to the amygdala, resulting in Jan's immediate surge of fear.

Question 20

Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that

Accepted Answer

Zajonc's research on emotional preference suggests that sometimes emotion precedes cognition, as people can develop a preference for stimuli they were unknowingly exposed to, even before consciously processing the information. This supports the idea of automatic emotional responses that occur before conscious thought.

Quiz 36: Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong