Question 1

Children of violent parents can often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves learning by watching others and imitating their behavior. In this case, children of violent parents can learn to be aggressive by observing and imitating their parents' behavior. Operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and extrinsic motivation do not fully capture the role of observation and imitation in this process.

Question 2

Prolonged exposure to media violence causes people to become indifferent to violent brutality in real life.This best illustrates that one effect of viewing media violence is

Accepted Answer

The statement "Prolonged exposure to media violence causes people to become indifferent to violent brutality in real life" is describing desensitization, which is a common effect of viewing media violence. The other choices do not accurately match the given scenario.

Question 3

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward.This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior.

Accepted Answer

The observation of the children playing less with the toy when promised a payoff suggests that cognitive processes, such as the expectation of the reward, can influence operant behavior. This is referred to as the overjustification effect, in which an external reward (in this case, the promised payoff) decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to engage in a behavior (playing with the toy). This effect has been observed in research on operant conditioning.

Question 4

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food,you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there.This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by

Accepted Answer

This scenario exemplifies biological predispositions, meaning certain associations are easier to learn than others because of an organism's natural tendencies or predispositions. In this case, a person's natural tendency to avoid eating something that caused illness is stronger than their tendency to associate the illness with the restaurant or music. This demonstrates that associative learning is constrained by biological predispositions.

Question 5

Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies on television.This is most likely to lead her to

Accepted Answer

Exposure to violent media, such as movies, can desensitize individuals to real-life violence, making them less sensitive or distressed when witnessing violence, such as fights among peers.

Question 6

After reading a first-person account of another's experience of overcoming obstacles to vote,university students were subsequently more likely to vote in a presidential primary election.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

This scenario describes vicarious experience, which is the learning that occurs by watching another person's experience. The university students were influenced to vote in a presidential primary election after reading a first-person account of someone overcoming obstacles to vote. This experience served as a model for the students and motivated them to take action.

Question 7

Adult males who spent three evenings watching sexually violent films became

Accepted Answer

Exposure to violent content, including sexually violent films, can lead to desensitization. This means individuals may become less sensitive to the violence and its consequences over time, which can result in reduced empathy or sympathy for victims of such violence.

Question 8

A biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value is called

Accepted Answer

Preparedness is the biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value, while the other options do not directly refer to this concept.

Question 9

Mr.Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children.Mr.Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning is the learning that occurs as a result of observing the behavior of others. Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. This indicates that he is aware of the importance of observational learning in his children's development.

Question 10

Experimental research on the effects of viewing media violence indicates that

Accepted Answer

Experimental research has consistently shown that exposure to media violence can increase people's levels of aggression. This effect has been observed across different age groups, genders, cultures, and types of media. While there is no one-to-one correspondence between viewing aggression and behaving aggressively, the evidence does suggest that exposure to violent media can contribute to aggressive behavior under certain conditions.

Question 11

The violence-viewing effect is especially likely when the observed violence

Accepted Answer

The violence-viewing effect is more likely to occur when the observed violence goes unpunished because it sends a message that such behavior is acceptable or normal. When violence that is shown on TV or in movies is not punished, it can increase the likelihood that individuals will engage in violent behavior themselves.

Question 12

Some scientists have suggested that mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for

Accepted Answer

Mirror neurons are responsible for our ability to observe and imitate the actions of others. This is why we can easily learn new behaviors and skills by watching someone else perform them. Thus, the best choice is D - imitation.

Question 13

Young children's developing capacity to experience empathy for another's suffering provides an indication of their developing

Accepted Answer

Empathy involves understanding and taking into account someone else's perspective, emotions, and beliefs. This ability is tied to the development of theory of mind, which is the ability to understand that other people have their own thoughts, emotions, and perspectives that may differ from one's own. Therefore, young children's developing capacity to experience empathy is an indication of their developing theory of mind.

Question 14

Researchers found that in the United States and Canada,homicide rates doubled over a time period in which TV with its violent programming was introduced.This finding does not prove that viewing violence on TV causes aggression because

Accepted Answer

The research finding involved only correlational evidence, which cannot prove causation. Other variables could have been responsible for the increase in homicide rates, and the study did not control for them. Therefore, it is not clear whether viewing violence on TV causes aggression.

Question 15

A dramatic increase in children's violent play after they viewed violent cartoons illustrates the role of television as a source of

Accepted Answer

Observational learning refers to the process of acquiring new behaviors by watching and imitating the actions of others. In this case, the children imitated the violent behavior they saw on television, indicating that television can act as a source of observational learning.

Question 16

When seeing a couple warmly kiss and embrace,observers may vicariously experience and mentally simulate the romantic interaction.According to some researchers,this reaction of the observers is partially attributable to the activation of

Accepted Answer

The activation of mirror neurons is responsible for the vicarious experience and mental simulation of romantic interactions seen in others. These neurons activate both when an individual is performing an action and when they observe someone else performing that same action. In the case of observing a romantic interaction, mirror neurons are activated in the observer's brain, allowing them to mentally simulate the experience themselves. Options A, B, and D are not related to this phenomenon.

Question 17

Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will

Accepted Answer

The answer of Experiments suggest that children exposed to a...

Question 18

Copying an adult,young children will wave a stick over a box and then use the stick to push on a knob that opens the box when all they needed to do to open the box was to push on the knob.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Overimitation refers to the phenomenon in which individuals copy unnecessary actions that are part of a demonstrated action sequence. In this case, the children are waving a stick over the box before using it to push the knob to open the box, even though waving the stick is unnecessary to open the box.

Question 19

Inferring another's mental state is an ability known as

Accepted Answer

Inferring another's mental state requires understanding and predicting their thoughts, feelings, and intentions. This is known as theory of mind, which is the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others. Option A, cognitive mapping, refers to the mental representation of physical space and environment. Option B, latent learning, is a form of learning that occurs without reinforcement or immediate reward. Option D, modeling, refers to the process of observing and imitating the behavior of others.

Question 20

Prosocial behaviors are actions that are

Accepted Answer

Prosocial behaviors are actions that are helpful to others.

Quiz 22: Operant Conditioning