Question 1

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

State lotteries use a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule, where the number of tickets required to win a prize varies randomly. This reinforces the behavior of purchasing tickets, as individuals are uncertain about when they will win and are motivated to continue purchasing tickets in hopes of winning a larger prize.

Question 2

On the first day of class,Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester.Clearly,studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

The unpredictable timing of the pop quizzes makes it a variable-interval schedule.

Question 3

Negative reinforcement________ the rate of operant responding,and punishment________ the rate of operant responding.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a behavior, which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. This increases the rate of operant responding. Punishment, on the other hand, involves introducing an aversive stimulus after a behavior, which decreases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. This decreases the rate of operant responding.

Question 4

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

This describes a variable-interval schedule, where the reinforcement is given after a varying amount of time has passed. The unpredictability of the reinforcement makes it more resistant to extinction than a fixed-interval schedule, where the reinforcement is given after a specific amount of time has passed. A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a fixed number of responses, and a variable-ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a varying number of responses.

Question 5

Studies suggest that criminal behavior is most likely to be deterred by

Accepted Answer

Studies indicate that swift punishment is the most effective in deterring criminal behavior as it provides an immediate consequence for the offender's actions. Moderate levels of punishment may not be enough to deter someone with a strong inclination towards crime, and severe levels of punishment may be seen as disproportionate and could even incite further criminal behavior. Unpredictable levels of punishment can also be ineffective as offenders may not perceive the likelihood of punishment and therefore may not be deterred.

Question 6

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

Variable-interval schedule involves reinforcement of behavior after varying amounts of time have passed. In this case, watching the night sky for shooting stars is not a behavior that can be reinforced immediately or on a fixed schedule. Instead, shooting stars may appear randomly and the reinforcement of seeing one reinforces the behavior of sky watching. Therefore, variable-interval schedule is the best fit for this scenario.

Question 7

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed.At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing.The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open.Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

In a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule, a reinforcement is provided after a specific interval of time has passed, regardless of the behavior being exhibited. In the given scenario, the reinforcement (in the form of the executive opening the door) is provided after a fixed interval of one hour, which leads the employees to work harder just before and during that time period. Therefore, the work pattern of the employees is typical of a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule.

Question 8

Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance.Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language.

Accepted Answer

Taking away Peggy's allowance is an example of negative punishment because it involves removing something desirable (her $5 weekly allowance) in response to her behavior (using foul language) to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Question 9

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a

Accepted Answer

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is a form of negative punishment, as it removes the privilege (driver's license) in response to the behavior (reckless driving) in order to decrease the likelihood of the behavior happening again in the future.

Question 10

Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n)________ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n)________ stimulus following a behavior.

Accepted Answer

Positive punishment involves the introduction of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, while negative punishment involves the removal of a pleasant or desired stimulus. Therefore, Option D correctly identifies positive punishment as aversive and negative punishment as pleasant.

Question 11

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone.Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes,while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells,regardless of the number of calls he makes.Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule,whereas Michael's is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

Paul's reinforcement is based on a fixed-ratio schedule because he is paid a certain amount for every five calls he makes. Michael's reinforcement, on the other hand, is based on a variable-ratio schedule because he is paid for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes.

Question 12

Asking potential partners for a date is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

Variable-ratio schedules are the most effective in reinforcing behavior. In this case, the behavior is asking someone on a date, and the reinforcement is the possibility of actually going on a date with the person. A variable-ratio schedule would mean that the person asking for a date doesn't know how many times they need to ask before getting a positive response, but they know that eventually they will. This uncertainty and possibility for reward makes the behavior more likely to be repeated.

Question 13

Operant response rates tend to be ________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule.Operant response rates tend to be ________ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Operant response rates tend to be ________...

Question 14

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior.In this case,the spanking is a

Accepted Answer

The spanking is a positive punishment because it involves adding an aversive stimulus (the spanking) to decrease the likelihood of the behavior (running into the street) happening again. Positive reinforcement would involve adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior, negative reinforcement would involve removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior, and negative punishment would involve removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 15

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Accepted Answer

In a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is only given after a specified time period has elapsed.

Question 16

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races.This best illustrates the effects of

Accepted Answer

Myron quitting gambling is an example of punishment, because he stopped the behavior of gambling due to the negative consequence (losing a lot of money).

Question 17

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.

Accepted Answer

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus (such as giving a treat to a dog for sitting) is an example of reinforcement, while the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus (such as taking away a toy from a child for misbehaving) is an example of punishment. Therefore, choice C is correct. Choices A and D are incorrect because they do not differentiate between the introduction/withdrawal of stimuli, and choice B is incorrect because it refers to the timing of reinforcement rather than the type of stimulus.

Question 18

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage.Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement rewards a behavior after a specific number of occurrences. In this case, Blake is being paid for each square foot of carpet he lays, which is a specific behavior that can be counted and rewarded on a fixed-ratio schedule.

Question 19

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is

Accepted Answer

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is an example of positive punishment. This is because the behavior is followed by the addition of an unpleasant stimulus, which decreases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the future.

Question 20

A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

In a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses, which tends to result in high and steady rates of responding. Fixed-ratio schedules reinforce the behavior after a fixed number of responses, resulting in a high rate of responding followed by a brief pause. Fixed-interval schedules reinforce the behavior after a fixed amount of time has elapsed, resulting in a low rate of responding until the reinforcement is imminent. Variable-interval schedules reinforce the behavior after an unpredictable amount of time has passed, resulting in a slow but steady rate of responding.

Quiz 21: Classical Conditioning

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

On the first day of class,Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester.Clearly,studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Negative reinforcement the rate of operant responding,and punishment the rate of operant responding.

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a ________ schedule.

Studies suggest that criminal behavior is most likely to be deterred by

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance.Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language.

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a

Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) stimulus following a behavior.

Asking potential partners for a date is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Operant response rates tend to be when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule.Operant response rates tend to be consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior.In this case,the spanking is a

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races.This best illustrates the effects of

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to .

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage.Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is

A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule.

Quiz 21: Classical Conditioning

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

On the first day of class,Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester.Clearly,studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Negative reinforcement________ the rate of operant responding,and punishment________ the rate of operant responding.

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a ________ schedule.

Studies suggest that criminal behavior is most likely to be deterred by

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance.Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language.

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a

Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) ________ stimulus following a behavior.

Asking potential partners for a date is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Operant response rates tend to be ________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule.Operant response rates tend to be ________ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior.In this case,the spanking is a

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races.This best illustrates the effects of

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage.Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is

A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule.

Negative reinforcement the rate of operant responding,and punishment the rate of operant responding.

Positive punishment is the introduction of a(n) stimulus following a behavior and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a(n) stimulus following a behavior.

Operant response rates tend to be when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule.Operant response rates tend to be consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to .