Question 1

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called

Accepted Answer

Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other, similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. Acquisition refers to the initial learning of the association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Generalization is the tendency to respond to similar stimuli that have not been specifically trained as the conditioned stimulus. Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period, following extinction.

Question 2

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Generalization refers to the tendency of a conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli that are similar to, but not identical to, the conditioned stimulus. In this case, the dog is exhibiting salivation in response to stimulation of body parts other than the thigh, suggesting that the conditioned response has generalized to other stimuli.

Question 3

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother.This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

Discrimination refers to the ability to differentiate between stimuli that are similar but not identical. In this case, Jacqueline is able to differentiate between her boyfriend and her brother as sexual stimuli. She discriminates between them and only becomes aroused by the sight of her boyfriend, indicating the value of discrimination in sexual arousal.

Question 4

Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat.Philip now fears all small animals.His fear demonstrates the process of

Accepted Answer

Philip's fear of all small animals after being clawed by the neighbor's cat is an example of generalization. Generalization occurs when a response (in this case, fear) is elicited not just by the specific stimulus (the cat) but also by similar stimuli (other small animals). This is a common process in classical conditioning.

Question 5

Compared with nonabused children,those children who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This illustrates generalization because the children who have experienced abuse are responding more strongly not just to their abuser, but to any angry-looking face, indicating they have generalized the response to a broader set of stimuli that resemble their original threatening experiences.

Question 6

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting,Andrew becomes nervous whenever he senses an urge to urinate.If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious,this would best illustrate

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates generalization, in which an individual responds to similar stimuli in the same way as the original conditioned stimulus. Andrew's childhood bed-wetting has become a conditioned stimulus that elicits anxiety, and this anxiety may generalize to other stimuli associated with urination or genital arousal.

Question 7

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery, the reappearance of a conditioned response (CR) after a period of apparent extinction, suggests that the CR is not eliminated but rather suppressed during extinction. This indicates that the learned association is not forgotten but is temporarily inhibited.

Question 8

After a scary biking accident,Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a safe biking trail every day for a week.The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when he rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest or time has passed. In this case, Alex's fear of biking reappeared after two weeks of not riding on the safe biking trail, indicating spontaneous recovery. Discrimination refers to the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond differently to them, operant behavior involves learning through consequences, and generalization refers to the tendency to respond to similar stimuli in the same way as the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 9

A few years ago,while stopped at a red light,Noreen's car was rear ended by a truck.She suffered injuries and was hospitalized after the accident.Since then she has developed a fear of trucks,as well as a fear of red lights.Her fear of red lights illustrates

Accepted Answer

Noreen's fear of red lights, which were associated with the traumatic event but were not the direct cause of her injuries, illustrates higher-order conditioning. This is where a stimulus that was originally neutral (red lights) becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with another conditioned stimulus (the presence of trucks), leading to a conditioned response (fear).

Question 10

Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten.This best illustrates the adaptive value of

Accepted Answer

The ability to distinguish between a potentially dangerous predator (lion) and a non-threatening animal (kitten) is an example of discrimination, which has adaptive value in terms of survival.

Question 11

To assess whether Mrs.Webster had suffered a brain injury,researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face.In this application of classical conditioning,the sound was a

Accepted Answer

The sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air is the conditioned stimulus (CS) because it is the stimulus that is being paired with the puff of air to elicit the blink response. The puff of air itself is the unconditioned stimulus (US) because it naturally elicits the blink response without any prior conditioning. Since the blink response was not present before conditioning, there is no unconditioned response (UR), and the blink response to the sound is the conditioned response (CR).

Question 12

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Extinction occurs when a ________ is no...

Question 13

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's research showed that classical conditioning is a universal process that occurs in many different species, including humans. This highlighted the importance of studying the basic processes of learning and paved the way for future research in behaviorism and learning theory. It did not address cognitive processes or make any essential difference between animal and human learning, and while respondent behavior is important in classical conditioning, not all learning depends on it.

Question 14

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad.Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

Accepted Answer

Monica's reaction to her therapist, who reminds her of her father, is an example of generalization. Generalization occurs when a person responds in a similar way to different, but similar stimuli. In this case, Monica is reacting to her therapist in a similar way as she would react to her father because the therapist reminds her of him.

Question 15

At one time Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one.With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings,however,his fear of dogs has gradually faded.Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Jimmy's fear response to dogs has gradually faded through repeated exposure, which is the process of extinction. Extinction is the weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus (in this case, dogs) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (in this case, being bitten or experiencing fear). Therefore, C is the correct answer. A, B, and D do not accurately describe Jimmy's situation.

Question 16

The reappearance,after a time lapse,of an extinguished CR is called

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished CR after a time lapse.

Question 17

In classical conditioning,generalization refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the

Accepted Answer

Generalization in classical conditioning refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 18

Just after they taste a sweet liquid,mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response.Later,the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

This is classical conditioning because the sweet liquid (neutral stimulus) has become associated with the drug that produces an immune response (unconditioned stimulus), leading to a learned response (immune response) to the sweet liquid alone (now conditioned stimulus).

Question 19

Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning were most clearly valuable because they provided the young discipline of psychology with a model of

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning involved using scientific methodology to objectively measure the effects of stimuli on behavior. This approach helped to establish psychology as a scientific field of study.

Question 20

Who showed us how a process such as learning could be studied objectively?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who showed us how a process such...

Quiz 20: Drugs and Consciousness