Question 1

When the US ceases to follow the CS it is called ___________.

Accepted Answer

When the US (unconditioned stimulus) ceases to follow the CS (conditioned stimulus), it is called extinction. This process involves the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response.

Question 2

Classically conditioned responses have been successfully observed in the Aplysia.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning has been observed in Aplysia, specifically in the context of the gill withdrawal reflex. When a puff of water is paired with a mild electric shock, the animal will eventually exhibit a conditioned response of retracting its gills at the mere presentation of the water puff.

Question 3

For Pavlov to say that learning has occurred in the dogs, the conditioned stimulus would have to have been ________ before testing.

Accepted Answer

For learning to occur, the conditioned stimulus (such as a bell) needs to be initially neutral, meaning it does not naturally elicit the response being studied (such as salivation). If the stimulus was already familiar or already presented, the dogs may have already associated it with another response, making it difficult to discern if learning has occurred. If the stimulus is reactionary, it may already elicit the response being studied, making it unnecessary for conditioning to take place.

Question 4

Psychic secretions occur ____________.

Accepted Answer

Psychic secretions occur before the food reaches the stomach, mainly in response to the sight, smell, or thought of food. This is a natural reflex mechanism that prepares the digestive system for food intake.

Question 5

Salivation in response to the food is the _______________.

Accepted Answer

Salivation in response to food is an unconditioned reflex, meaning it is a natural, automatic action that occurs without prior learning or conditioning.

Question 6

If your cat comes running to the kitchen every time you open a can with the electric can opener, you can probably say that your cat _______________.

Accepted Answer

The cat has learned to associate the sound of the electric can opener with food, leading to its habit of running to the kitchen whenever it hears the sound.

Question 7

Damage to the hippocampus prevents delay conditioning from occurring properly.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Damage to the hippocampus prevents delay conditioning...

Question 8

When examining the CR as a measure of learning in the eyeblink reflex, researchers most commonly use _________.

Accepted Answer

The most common measure of learning in the eyeblink reflex is the percentage of trials in which a CR (conditioned response) occurs. This measure is used because it allows researchers to determine the extent to which learning has occurred by comparing the number of trials in which the CR is present to the number in which it is not. Other measures, such as the intensity of a response or the latency of a response, may provide useful information, but they are typically not used as frequently as the percentage of trials with a CR. The presence vs. nonpresence of a UR (unconditioned response) is also important in evaluating learning in the eyeblink reflex, but it is not typically used as the primary measure of learning.

Question 9

Classical conditioning is a form of nonassociative learning.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning where a subject learns to associate one stimulus with another.

Question 10

Some of the most widely used types of classical conditioning are methods for conditioning emotional responses.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is often used to condition emotional responses, such as fear or pleasure, to specific stimuli. This has been widely studied and applied in numerous fields, including psychology and marketing.

Question 11

Generally, for learning to occur, the CS should be presented first and then overlapped with the US near the end of testing.

Accepted Answer

This is known as forward conditioning and has been found to be the most effective way for learning to occur in classical conditioning.

Question 12

Disinhibition can occur when an extinguished response reappears to another arousing stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Disinhibition refers to the re-emergence of a previously inhibited behavior in the presence of an arousing stimulus, which can occur when an extinguished response reappears. This can happen because the previous learning that inhibits the behavior has not completely disappeared and can be triggered under certain circumstances.

Question 13

In Pavlov's experiment the food was the __________.

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the food. This is because it was a naturally occurring stimulus that triggered an automatic response, which was the dogs' salivation. The conditioned stimulus and reflex were developed through the process of classical conditioning, where a previously neutral stimulus (such as a bell) was associated with the unconditioned stimulus (food) to eventually elicit a conditioned response (salivation) without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 14

Which of the following is one of the main parameters of classical conditioning identified by Pavlov in his initial studies?

Accepted Answer

Pavlov identified that the CS (conditioned stimulus) must precede the US (unconditioned stimulus) by a short time interval in order for classical conditioning to occur. This is known as the temporal contiguity principle.

Question 15

Learning is best when the US is presented just before the CS.

Accepted Answer

Learning is best when the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is presented just before the Unconditioned Stimulus (US), allowing the CS to predict the US.

Question 16

If the dogs in Pavlov's experiment began salivating before the food entered the stomach and as early as when the research door opened, the sound of the door would be called the _____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the dogs in Pavlov's experiment began...

Question 17

After a non-reinforced response disappears and then reappears after isolation it is called __________.

Accepted Answer

When a non-reinforced response disappears and then reappears after isolation, it is called spontaneous recovery. This occurs because the original learning has not been completely erased, but rather suppressed or inhibited. When the inhibitory conditions are removed, the original response can reemerge.

Question 18

When an animal eventually stops responding to a CS when the CS is presented without the US, it is due to forgetting.

Accepted Answer

When an animal stops responding to a CS when the CS is presented without the US, it is due to extinction, not forgetting. Forgetting refers to the gradual loss of information over time, while extinction refers to the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response when the reinforcement is no longer available.

Question 19

The time between the successive presentation of CS and US pairs is called the interstimulus interval.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The time between the successive presentation of...

Question 20

When two events occur close in time we would say they had contiguity.

Accepted Answer

Contiguity refers to events that occur close in time or space.

Quiz 5: Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning